High-sensitivity methane detection based on QEPAS and H-QEPAS technologies combined with a self-designed 8.7 kHz quartz tuning fork

IF 7.1 1区医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL

Photoacoustics Pub Date : 2024-01-26 DOI:10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100592

Tiantian Liang , Shunda Qiao , Yanjun Chen , Ying He , Yufei Ma

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Abstract

Methane (CH₄) is a greenhouse gas as well as being flammable and explosive. In this manuscript, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) and heterodyne QEPAS (H-QEPAS) exploring a self-designed quartz tuning fork (QTF) with resonance frequency (f₀) of ∼8.7 kHz was utilized to achieve sensitive CH₄ detection. Compared with the standard commercial 32.768 kHz QTF, this self-designed QTF with a low f₀ and large prong gap has the merits of long energy accumulation time and low optical noise. The strongest line located at 6057.08 cm⁻¹ in the 2v₃ overtone band of CH₄ was chosen as the target absorption line. A diode laser with a high output power of > 30 mW was utilized as the excitation source. Acoustic micro-resonators (AmRs) were added to the sensor architecture to amplify the intensity of acoustic waves. Compared to the bare QTF, after the addition of AmRs, a signal enhancement of 149-fold and 165-fold were obtained for QEPAS and H-QEPAS systems, respectively. The corresponding minimum detection limits (MDLs) were 711 ppb and 1.06 ppm for QEPAS and H-QEPAS sensors. Furthermore, based on Allan variance analysis the MDLs can be improved to 19 ppb and 27 ppb correspondingly. Compared to the QEPAS sensor, the H-QEPAS sensor shows significantly shorter measurement timeframes, allowing for measuring the gas concentration quickly while simultaneously obtaining f₀ of QTF.

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基于 QEPAS 和 H-QEPAS 技术并结合自行设计的 8.7 kHz 石英音叉的高灵敏度甲烷探测技术

甲烷（CH4）是一种温室气体，而且易燃易爆。本手稿利用石英增强光声光谱（QEPAS）和外差 QEPAS（H-QEPAS）技术，探索了一种共振频率（f0）为 8.7 kHz 的自行设计的石英音叉（QTF），以实现对 CH4 的灵敏检测。与标准的商用 32.768 kHz QTF 相比，这种自行设计的 QTF 具有低 f0 和大棱柱间隙的优点，即能量积累时间长、光噪声低。我们选择了位于 CH4 2v3 泛音带 6057.08 cm-1 处的最强线作为目标吸收线。激发光源是输出功率为 30 mW 的二极管激光器。传感器结构中加入了声学微谐振器 (AmR)，以放大声波强度。与裸 QTF 相比，添加 AmRs 后，QEPAS 和 H-QEPAS 系统的信号分别增强了 149 倍和 165 倍。QEPAS 和 H-QEPAS 传感器的相应最低检测限（MDL）分别为 711 ppb 和 1.06 ppm。此外，根据艾伦方差分析，最低检测限可相应提高到 19 ppb 和 27 ppb。与 QEPAS 传感器相比，H-QEPAS 传感器的测量时间大大缩短，可以在快速测量气体浓度的同时获得 QTF 的 f0。

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来源期刊

Photoacoustics Physics and Astronomy-Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

CiteScore

11.40

自引率

16.50%

发文量

审稿时长

53 days

期刊介绍： The open access Photoacoustics journal (PACS) aims to publish original research and review contributions in the field of photoacoustics-optoacoustics-thermoacoustics. This field utilizes acoustical and ultrasonic phenomena excited by electromagnetic radiation for the detection, visualization, and characterization of various materials and biological tissues, including living organisms. Recent advancements in laser technologies, ultrasound detection approaches, inverse theory, and fast reconstruction algorithms have greatly supported the rapid progress in this field. The unique contrast provided by molecular absorption in photoacoustic-optoacoustic-thermoacoustic methods has allowed for addressing unmet biological and medical needs such as pre-clinical research, clinical imaging of vasculature, tissue and disease physiology, drug efficacy, surgery guidance, and therapy monitoring. Applications of this field encompass a wide range of medical imaging and sensing applications, including cancer, vascular diseases, brain neurophysiology, ophthalmology, and diabetes. Moreover, photoacoustics-optoacoustics-thermoacoustics is a multidisciplinary field, with contributions from chemistry and nanotechnology, where novel materials such as biodegradable nanoparticles, organic dyes, targeted agents, theranostic probes, and genetically expressed markers are being actively developed. These advanced materials have significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio and tissue contrast in photoacoustic methods.