Evaluation of essential and trace metals/metalloids distribution and probable human health risk implications from branded liquid and powder milks available in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

IF 4.1 3区生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biometals Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI:10.1007/s10534-023-00574-x

Md Nur E Alam, A. K. M. Atique Ullah, M. Mozammal Hosen, Md Azizul Maksud, Shahidur Rahman Khan, Shamima Akon, Quamrun Nahar, Ferdousi Jolly, Shamshad B. Quraishi

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Abstract

The processed forms of milk, branded liquid, and power milk available in Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh, were investigated for essential and trace metal/metalloids regarding nutritional and human health risk aspects. For this, the potential nutritional contribution, estimated daily intake (EDI) and non-carcinogenic risk for six different life stages with male and female categories, as well as the carcinogenic risk for children and adults of both genders, were addressed. In total, 46 branded liquid and powder milk samples were considered for this analysis employing atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentration of essential elements showed the trends of K > Ca > Na > Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu and K > Ca > Na > Mg > Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn for liquid and powder milk samples, respectively, but the potentially hazardous one showed the same trends (Cr > Pb > Hg > As > Cd) for both items. Except for Cr, Hg, and Fe, the elemental compositions of both milk categories differed considerably (< 0.05). Compared to the threshold values for milk samples (liquid and powder), Fe (19% and 27%), Mn (100% and 63%), Cu (0% and 23%), Zn (94% and 0%), Pb (25% and 13%), and Cr (0% and 3%) showed above the permissible limits. The nutrient input was the highest for Ca (27.2% and 18.7%), followed by Mg, K, and Na. The EDI of studied elements was within the daily permissible limit in both the milk category (except age group (≤ 3) and the female category). The non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that the age groups ≤ 3 for liquid milk and ≤ 3 and 3 < X ≤ 14 with female categories for powder milk exceeded the threshold level (> 1) in the case of Cr, Cd, As, Zn, and Mn. The probable carcinogenic risks indicated an unacceptable risk level (< 1.00E-04) for the ingestion of Cr through powder milk samples for children in male and female categories. Finally, it believes that green cow farming practices and green milk processing technology, as well as continuous monitoring of toxic metals, can limit the ultimate risk worldwide.

Graphical abstract

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评估孟加拉国达卡市现有品牌液态奶和奶粉中的基本金属和痕量金属/类金属的分布情况以及可能对人类健康造成的风险。

在营养和人类健康风险方面，对孟加拉国首都达卡市的加工牛奶、品牌液态奶和动力奶进行了必要和痕量金属/类金属的调查。为此，研究了男性和女性六个不同生命阶段的潜在营养贡献、估计日摄入量（EDI）和非致癌风险，以及儿童和成人的致癌风险。采用原子吸收光谱法对 46 个品牌的液态奶和奶粉样本进行了分析。液态奶和奶粉样本中的必需元素浓度分别呈现出 K > Ca > Na > Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu 和 K > Ca > Na > Mg > Fe > Cu > Mn > Zn 的趋势，但两种产品中的潜在有害元素浓度呈现出相同的趋势（Cr > Pb > Hg > As > Cd）。除铬、汞和铁外，两类牛奶中的铬、镉、砷、锌和锰的元素组成差异很大（1）。可能致癌的风险显示出不可接受的风险水平 (

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来源期刊

Biometals 生物-生化与分子生物学

CiteScore

5.90

自引率

8.60%

发文量

111

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： BioMetals is the only established journal to feature the important role of metal ions in chemistry, biology, biochemistry, environmental science, and medicine. BioMetals is an international, multidisciplinary journal singularly devoted to the rapid publication of the fundamental advances of both basic and applied research in this field. BioMetals offers a forum for innovative research and clinical results on the structure and function of: - metal ions - metal chelates, - siderophores, - metal-containing proteins - biominerals in all biosystems. - BioMetals rapidly publishes original articles and reviews. BioMetals is a journal for metals researchers who practice in medicine, biochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, microbiology, cell biology, chemistry, and plant physiology who are based academic, industrial and government laboratories.