Why should we use a low sodium dialysis solution for peritoneal dialysis?

Abstract

Overhydration is highly prevalent in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), with inappropriately high sodium load supposedly playing a central role in the pathophysiology of the conditions. Recent studies have revealed the novel role of the interstitium as a buffer system for sodium ions, and it has been reported that patients on dialysis, including PD, present increased levels of sodium in the interstitium, such as in subcutaneous tissue and muscle. Hence, therapy for correction of overhydration should target the excess extracellular volume and the excess sodium storage in the interstitium. The ultrafiltrate obtained using the currently available PD solutions is hypo- to isonatric as compared to serum, which is disadvantageous for prompt and efficient sodium removal from the body in patients with overhydration. In contrast, use of low sodium PD solutions is characterised by iso- to hypernatric ultrafiltrate, which may beneficial for reducing sodium storage in the interstitium. Trials of low sodium PD solutions have reported possible clinical merits, for example, decreased blood pressure, reduced dryness of mouth and decreased body water content as assessed using bioimpedance methods. Given these observations and the high prevalence of overhydration in current PD populations, it makes medical sense that low sodium solutions be positioned as the new standard solution in the future. However, for medical safety, that is, to avoid hyponatremia and excessive decreases in blood pressure, further studies are needed to establish the appropriate compositions and applications of low sodium solutions.