Online privacy literacy and users' information privacy empowerment: the case of GDPR in Europe

Christine Prince, Nessrine Omrani, Francesco Schiavone
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Abstract

PurposeResearch on online user privacy shows that empirical evidence on how privacy literacy relates to users' information privacy empowerment is missing. To fill this gap, this paper investigated the respective influence of two primary dimensions of online privacy literacy – namely declarative and procedural knowledge – on online users' information privacy empowerment.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical analysis is conducted using a dataset collected in Europe. This survey was conducted in 2019 among 27,524 representative respondents of the European population.FindingsThe main results show that users' procedural knowledge is positively linked to users' privacy empowerment. The relationship between users' declarative knowledge and users' privacy empowerment is partially supported. While greater awareness about firms and organizations practices in terms of data collections and further uses conditions was found to be significantly associated with increased users' privacy empowerment, unpredictably, results revealed that the awareness about the GDPR and user’s privacy empowerment are negatively associated. The empirical findings reveal also that greater online privacy literacy is associated with heightened users' information privacy empowerment.Originality/valueWhile few advanced studies made systematic efforts to measure changes occurred on websites since the GDPR enforcement, it remains unclear, however, how individuals perceive, understand and apply the GDPR rights/guarantees and their likelihood to strengthen users' information privacy control. Therefore, this paper contributes empirically to understanding how online users' privacy literacy shaped by both users' declarative and procedural knowledge is likely to affect users' information privacy empowerment. The study empirically investigates the effectiveness of the GDPR in raising users' information privacy empowerment from user-based perspective. Results stress the importance of greater transparency of data tracking and processing decisions made by online businesses and services to strengthen users' control over information privacy. Study findings also put emphasis on the crucial need for more educational efforts to raise users' awareness about the GDPR rights/guarantees related to data protection. Empirical findings also show that users who are more likely to adopt self-protective approaches to reinforce personal data privacy are more likely to perceive greater control over personal data. A broad implication of this finding for practitioners and E-businesses stresses the need for empowering users with adequate privacy protection tools to ensure more confidential transactions.
在线隐私扫盲与用户信息隐私赋权:欧洲 GDPR 案例
目的有关在线用户隐私权的研究表明,隐私权素养与用户信息隐私权的关系缺乏实证证据。为了填补这一空白,本文研究了在线隐私素养的两个主要维度--即陈述性知识和程序性知识--对在线用户信息隐私权的影响。主要结果显示,用户的程序性知识与用户的隐私权正相关。用户的陈述性知识与用户的隐私授权之间的关系得到了部分支持。虽然对企业和组织在数据收集和进一步使用条件方面的做法的更多了解被发现与用户隐私权的提高有显著关联,但不可预测的是,结果显示对 GDPR 的了解与用户隐私权的提高呈负相关。实证研究结果还显示,更高的网络隐私素养与用户信息隐私授权的提高相关。原创性/价值虽然很少有先进的研究系统地测量自 GDPR 实施以来网站发生的变化,但个人如何感知、理解和应用 GDPR 的权利/保障及其加强用户信息隐私控制的可能性仍不清楚。因此,本文通过实证研究来理解由用户的陈述性知识和程序性知识所形成的在线用户隐私素养如何可能影响用户的信息隐私授权。研究从基于用户的角度出发,实证调查了 GDPR 在提高用户信息隐私权方面的有效性。研究结果强调了提高在线企业和服务的数据跟踪和处理决策的透明度对于加强用户对信息隐私的控制的重要性。研究结果还强调,亟需开展更多教育工作,提高用户对 GDPR 数据保护相关权利/保障的认识。实证研究结果还表明,更有可能采用自我保护方法来加强个人数据隐私的用户,更有可能认为自己对个人数据有更大的控制权。这一发现对从业人员和电子商务企业的广泛影响强调,有必要为用户提供适当的隐私保护工具,以确保交易更加保密。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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