{"title":"Photoinactivation of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm: In Vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Photoexcited Rutin-Gallium(III) Complex via Visible Blue Light","authors":"Maryam Pourhajibagher PhD , Hassan-Ali Ghafari DDS, MSc , Rashin Bahrami DDS, MSc , Abbas Bahador PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.joen.2024.01.007","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Endodontic infection is a common problem that can result in tooth loss if not effectively treated. This study focused on investigating the use of rutin-gallium (Ga)(III) complex–mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the photoinactivation of <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> biofilm.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The minimum biofilm eradication concentration of the rutin-Ga(III) complex and the minimum biofilm eradication dose of light-emitting diode against <em>E. faecalis</em> were evaluated. The antimicrobial effect of rutin-Ga(III) complex–mediated aPDT against <em>E. faecalis</em> was assessed. Additionally, the expression of genes associated with <em>E. faecalis</em> virulence, such as <em>ace</em>, <em>gelE</em>, and <em>esp</em>, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species within the cells were evaluated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The minimum biofilm eradication concentration of the rutin-Ga(III) complex was determined to be 25 μmol/L, whereas the minimum biofilm eradication dose of light-emitting diode irradiation was defined as 5 minutes with an energy density of 300–420 J/cm<sup>2</sup>. Rutin-Ga(III) complex–mediated aPDT demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in the growth of <em>E. faecalis</em> biofilms. Moreover, aPDT led to increased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in treated <em>E. faecalis</em> cells. Furthermore, the messenger RNA levels of <em>ace</em>, <em>gelE</em>, and <em>esp</em> genes were significantly down-regulated in <em>E. faecalis</em> treated with rutin-Ga(III) complex–mediated aPDT (<em>P</em> < .05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Rutin-Ga(III) complex–mediated aPDT effectively reduces <em>E. faecalis</em> biofilm growth by disrupting biofilm structure and down-regulating virulence genes. These findings highlight the potential of aPDT with the rutin-Ga(III) complex as an adjuvant therapeutic approach against <em>E. faecalis</em> biofilms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15703,"journal":{"name":"Journal of endodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of endodontics","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099239924000402","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction
Endodontic infection is a common problem that can result in tooth loss if not effectively treated. This study focused on investigating the use of rutin-gallium (Ga)(III) complex–mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the photoinactivation of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.
Methods
The minimum biofilm eradication concentration of the rutin-Ga(III) complex and the minimum biofilm eradication dose of light-emitting diode against E. faecalis were evaluated. The antimicrobial effect of rutin-Ga(III) complex–mediated aPDT against E. faecalis was assessed. Additionally, the expression of genes associated with E. faecalis virulence, such as ace, gelE, and esp, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species within the cells were evaluated.
Results
The minimum biofilm eradication concentration of the rutin-Ga(III) complex was determined to be 25 μmol/L, whereas the minimum biofilm eradication dose of light-emitting diode irradiation was defined as 5 minutes with an energy density of 300–420 J/cm2. Rutin-Ga(III) complex–mediated aPDT demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in the growth of E. faecalis biofilms. Moreover, aPDT led to increased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in treated E. faecalis cells. Furthermore, the messenger RNA levels of ace, gelE, and esp genes were significantly down-regulated in E. faecalis treated with rutin-Ga(III) complex–mediated aPDT (P < .05).
Conclusions
Rutin-Ga(III) complex–mediated aPDT effectively reduces E. faecalis biofilm growth by disrupting biofilm structure and down-regulating virulence genes. These findings highlight the potential of aPDT with the rutin-Ga(III) complex as an adjuvant therapeutic approach against E. faecalis biofilms.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Endodontics, the official journal of the American Association of Endodontists, publishes scientific articles, case reports and comparison studies evaluating materials and methods of pulp conservation and endodontic treatment. Endodontists and general dentists can learn about new concepts in root canal treatment and the latest advances in techniques and instrumentation in the one journal that helps them keep pace with rapid changes in this field.