Glandular trichomes as a source of antifungal metabolites in a karyologically characterized population of Argyrochosma flava: Morphology and histochemistry

Abstract

Argyrochosma, a xeric-adapted fern genus mostly from the New World, includes both farinose and non-farinose species. The yellow farina appears to be a synapomorphy of A. flava. The aims of this research were to study the morphology, location, distribution, and density of glandular trichomes; perform a histochemical analysis of the farina secretion; evaluate the biological activity of farinas against phytopathogenic fungi; and characterize the species genetically by making chromosome counts and building the karyotype of A. flava. Usual methods in plant anatomy and histochemistry were performed. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations (MFCs) of farina against four phytopathogenic fungi were determined by the broth microdilution technique. Chromosome counts and karyotyping metaphase plates were obtained from fiddleheads. The distribution of glandular trichomes in pinnules changes along the ontogenetic development of the frond. The histochemical study of the trichomes revealed the complex nature of the secreted material, including flavonoids and terpenes along with other metabolites. The farina was active against the four pathogenic fungi evaluated, with MICs between 31.25 and 125 μg/mL showing the highest inhibition for Monilinia fructicola. Botrytis cinerea displayed a MIC value of only one-fold dilutions more than the commercial fungicide Carbendazim. Cytogenetically, the base number proposed for the genus is x = 27, which is derived from aneuploidy of x = 29. The genus has diploid and tetraploid forms. The results obtained support the important role of glandular trichomes and farinous exudate secretion in the protection against phytopathogenic fungi. The obtained chromosome numbers support the taxonomic placement of A. flava.