Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism: Unraveling cellular regulation, disease implications, and therapeutic prospects for precision medicine

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), traditionally recognized as a noxious gas with a pungent odor, has emerged as a fascinating metabolite originating from proteinaceous foods. This review provides a comprehensive examination of H₂S regulatory metabolism in cell. Dysregulation of cellular processes plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Recent development explores the chemistry of biosynthesis and degradation of H₂S in cells. The consequences of dysregulation causing diseases and the emerging role of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) modulation as a promising therapeutic platform has not been explored much. These disturbances can manifest as oxidative stress, inflammation, and aberrant cellular signaling pathways, contributing to the development and progression of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. Hydrogen sulfide has gained recognition as a key player in cellular regulation. H₂S is involved in numerous physiological processes, including vasodilation, inflammation control, and cytoprotection. Recent advances in research have focused on modulating H₂S levels to restore cellular balance and mitigate disease progression. This approach involves both exogenous H₂S donors and inhibitors of H₂S -producing enzymes. By harnessing the versatile properties of H₂S, researchers and clinicians may develop innovative therapies that address the root causes of dysregulation-induced diseases. As our understanding of H₂S biology deepens, the potential for precision medicine approaches tailored to specific diseases becomes increasingly exciting, holding the promise of improved patient outcomes and a new era in therapeutics.