Unveiling the fungal color palette: pigment analysis of Fusarium solani species complex and Curvularia verruculosa clinical isolates.

Abstract

Fungal species in the Nectriaceae, such as Fusarium spp. (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), are etiologic agents of hyalohyphomycosis capable of producing violaceous or yellowish pigments under certain conditions, while Curvularia spp. (Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae) are agents of phaeohyphomycosis and typically produce melanin in their cell walls. In nectriaceous and pleosporaceous fungi, these pigments are mainly constituted by polyketides (e.g., azaphilones, naphthoquinones, and hydroxyanthraquinones). Considering the importance of pigments synthesized by these genera, this work focused on the selective extraction of pigments produced by eight Fusarium solani species complex and one Curvularia verruculosa isolate recovered from dermatomycosis specimens, their separation, purification, and posterior chemical analysis. The pigments were characterized through spectral and acid-base analysis, and their maximum production time was determined. Moreover, spectral identification of isolates was carried out to approach the taxonomic specificity of pigment production. Herein we describe the isolation and characterization of three acidic pigments, yellowish and pinkish azaphilones (i.e., coaherin A and sclerotiorin), and a purplish xanthone, reported for the first time in the Nectriaceae and Pleosporaceae, which appear to be synthesized in a species-independent manner, in the case of fusaria.