Micro Trojan horses: Engineering extracellular vesicles crossing biological barriers for drug delivery

IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL
Bin Zeng, Ying Li, Jiang Xia, Yin Xiao, Nawaz Khan, Bin Jiang, Yujie Liang, Li Duan
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Abstract

The biological barriers of the body, such as the blood–brain, placental, intestinal, skin, and air-blood, protect against invading viruses and bacteria while providing necessary physical support. However, these barriers also hinder the delivery of drugs to target tissues, reducing their therapeutic efficacy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanostructures with a diameter ranging from 30 nm to 10 μm secreted by cells, offer a potential solution to this challenge. These natural vesicles can effectively pass through various biological barriers, facilitating intercellular communication. As a result, artificially engineered EVs that mimic or are superior to the natural ones have emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle, capable of delivering drugs to almost any body part to treat various diseases. This review first provides an overview of the formation and cross-species uptake of natural EVs from different organisms, including animals, plants, and bacteria. Later, it explores the current clinical applications, perspectives, and challenges associated with using engineered EVs as a drug delivery platform. Finally, it aims to inspire further research to help bioengineered EVs effectively cross biological barriers to treat diseases.

Abstract Image

微型特洛伊木马:穿越生物屏障的细胞外囊泡工程,用于药物输送
人体的生物屏障,如血脑屏障、胎盘屏障、肠屏障、皮肤屏障和气血屏障,可抵御病毒和细菌的入侵,同时提供必要的物理支持。然而,这些屏障也阻碍了药物向目标组织的输送,降低了药物的疗效。细胞外囊泡(EVs)是细胞分泌的直径在 30 纳米到 10 微米之间的纳米结构,为解决这一难题提供了潜在的解决方案。这些天然囊泡能有效穿过各种生物屏障,促进细胞间的交流。因此,模仿天然囊泡或优于天然囊泡的人工工程囊泡已成为一种前景广阔的药物输送载体,几乎能将药物输送到身体的任何部位以治疗各种疾病。本综述首先概述了不同生物体(包括动物、植物和细菌)天然 EVs 的形成和跨物种吸收。随后,它探讨了目前将工程EVs作为药物输送平台的临床应用、前景和相关挑战。最后,它旨在启发进一步的研究,帮助生物工程EVs有效跨越生物屏障治疗疾病。
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来源期刊
Bioengineering & Translational Medicine
Bioengineering & Translational Medicine Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-Pharmaceutical Science
CiteScore
8.40
自引率
4.10%
发文量
150
审稿时长
12 weeks
期刊介绍: Bioengineering & Translational Medicine, an official, peer-reviewed online open-access journal of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and the Society for Biological Engineering (SBE), focuses on how chemical and biological engineering approaches drive innovative technologies and solutions that impact clinical practice and commercial healthcare products.
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