Growth and longevity modulation through larval environment mediate immunosenescence and immune strategy of Tenebrio molitor.

IF 5.2 2区 医学 Q1 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY
Agathe Crosland, Thierry Rigaud, Charlène Develay, Yannick Moret
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: The Disposable Soma Theory of aging suggests a trade-off between energy allocation for growth, reproduction and somatic maintenance, including immunity. While trade-offs between reproduction and immunity are well documented, those involving growth remain under-explored. Rapid growth might deplete resources, reducing investment in maintenance, potentially leading to earlier or faster senescence and a shorter lifespan. However, rapid growth could limit exposure to parasitism before reaching adulthood, decreasing immunity needs. The insect immunity's components (cellular, enzymatic, and antibacterial) vary in cost, effectiveness, and duration. Despite overall immunity decline (immunosenescence), its components seem to age differently. We hypothesize that investment in these immune components is adjusted based on the resource cost of growth, longevity, and the associated risk of parasitism.

Results: We tested this hypothesis using the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor as our experimental subject. By manipulating the larval environment, including three different temperatures and three relative humidity levels, we achieved a wide range of growth durations and longevities. Our main focus was on the relationship between growth duration, longevity, and specific immune components: hemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, and antibacterial activity. We measured these immune parameters both before and after exposing the individuals to a standard bacterial immune challenge, enabling us to assess immune responses. These measurements were taken in both young and older adult beetles. Upon altering growth duration and longevity by modifying larval temperature, we observed a more pronounced investment in cellular and antibacterial defenses among individuals with slow growth and extended lifespans. Intriguingly, slower-growing and long-lived beetles exhibited reduced enzymatic activity. Similar results were found when manipulating larval growth duration and adult longevity through variations in relative humidity, with a particular focus on antibacterial activity.

Conclusion: The impact of growth manipulation on immune senescence varies by the specific immune parameter under consideration. Yet, in slow-growing T. molitor, a clear decline in cellular and antibacterial immune responses with age was observed. This decline can be linked to their initially stronger immune response in early life. Furthermore, our study suggests an immune strategy favoring enhanced antibacterial activity among slow-growing and long-lived T. molitor individuals.

幼虫环境对生长和寿命的调节介导了 Tenebrio molitor 的免疫衰老和免疫策略。
背景:一次性躯体衰老理论认为,生长、繁殖和躯体维持(包括免疫)的能量分配之间需要权衡。尽管生殖和免疫之间的权衡已被充分记录,但涉及生长的权衡仍未得到充分探讨。快速生长可能会耗尽资源,减少对维持的投资,从而可能导致更早或更快的衰老和更短的寿命。不过,快速生长可能会限制昆虫在成年之前接触寄生虫的机会,从而降低免疫需求。昆虫免疫的组成部分(细胞、酶和抗菌)在成本、有效性和持续时间方面各不相同。尽管整体免疫力下降(免疫衰老),但其组成部分的衰老程度似乎不同。我们假设,对这些免疫成分的投资是根据生长、寿命和相关寄生虫风险的资源成本进行调整的:我们使用黄粉虫甲虫作为实验对象来验证这一假设。通过调节幼虫的生长环境,包括三种不同的温度和三种相对湿度水平,我们获得了不同的生长期和寿命。我们的主要研究重点是生长时间、寿命和特定免疫成分(血细胞计数、酚氧化酶活性和抗菌活性)之间的关系。我们在个体接受标准细菌免疫挑战之前和之后测量了这些免疫参数,从而评估了免疫反应。这些测量都是在年轻和年老的成年甲虫身上进行的。在通过改变幼虫温度来改变生长持续时间和寿命后,我们观察到生长缓慢和寿命较长的个体在细胞和抗菌防御方面的投入更为明显。耐人寻味的是,生长速度慢和寿命长的甲虫表现出酶活性降低。在通过改变相对湿度来控制幼虫生长时间和成虫寿命时,也发现了类似的结果,尤其是在抗菌活性方面:结论:生长控制对免疫衰老的影响因所考虑的具体免疫参数而异。然而,在生长缓慢的褐飞虱身上,我们观察到细胞和抗菌免疫反应随着年龄的增长而明显下降。这种衰退可能与它们早期较强的免疫反应有关。此外,我们的研究还表明,生长缓慢的长寿褐飞虱个体的免疫策略有利于增强抗菌活性。
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来源期刊
Immunity & Ageing
Immunity & Ageing GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY-IMMUNOLOGY
CiteScore
10.20
自引率
3.80%
发文量
55
期刊介绍: Immunity & Ageing is a specialist open access journal that was first published in 2004. The journal focuses on the impact of ageing on immune systems, the influence of aged immune systems on organismal well-being and longevity, age-associated diseases with immune etiology, and potential immune interventions to increase health span. All articles published in Immunity & Ageing are indexed in the following databases: Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS, CAS, Citebase, DOAJ, Embase, Google Scholar, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, OAIster, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Citation Index Expanded, SCImago, Scopus, SOCOLAR, and Zetoc.
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