Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide synthesis: State-of-the-art design, performance, and challenges

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is an eco-friendly oxidant and is extensively used in chemical synthesis, medical, and environmental fields. It is also emerging as a new energy carrier in fuel cell technology. In comparison with the traditional anthraquinone synthesis procedure, the photocatalytic route for the synthesis of H₂O₂ has gained significant research attention owing to its safety, sustainability, and low cost; however, the faster recombination of charge carriers, poor optical absorption, and low product selectivity has restricted its application on a commercial scale. Designing new photocatalytic systems for H₂O₂ synthesis is a promising approach to achieving highly efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion. This review article focuses on the recently reported state-of-the-art photocatalytic systems prepared by different strategies on supports, including TiO₂, C₃N₄, MOFs, COFs, and biomass-derived materials. Furthermore, the conclusion and perspectives are discussed to identify the issues and to develop and bridge the gap between current research and practical applications.