Electrochemical Sensors Go Nano: Carbon Nanomaterials for Ultrasensitive Heavy Metal Analysis

IF 1.4 4区 材料科学 Q4 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Qingwei Zhou, Li Fu, Jiangwei Zhu
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Abstract

Background: Heavy metal contamination of food and the environment is a major concern worldwide. Conventional detection techniques like atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have limitations including high costs and insufficient sensitivity. Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials have emerged as an attractive alternative for rapid, affordable, and ultrasensitive heavy metal analysis. Methods: This review summarizes recent advances in using carbon nanomaterials like ordered mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon dots for electrochemical sensing of toxic heavy metals. Synthesis methods, characterization techniques, functionalization strategies and detection mechanisms are discussed. Results: High surface area, electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of carbon nanomaterials enable preconcentration of metal ions and signal amplification at electrode interfaces. This results in remarkably low detection limits down to parts per trillion levels. Functionalization with metal nanoparticles, molecularly imprinted polymers and other nanocomposites further improves sensor selectivity and sensitivity. These sensors have been applied for the quantitative detection of arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and other toxic metals in lab samples Conclusion: Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes, graphene, mesoporous carbon, and carbon dots are rapidly emerging as an ultrasensitive, cost-effective alternative to conventional techniques for on-site screening of heavy metal contamination in food and environment. Further validation using real-world samples and integration into portable field testing kits can enable widespread deployment.
纳米电化学传感器:用于超灵敏重金属分析的碳纳米材料
背景:食品和环境中的重金属污染是全球关注的一个主要问题。原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、电感耦合等离子体-光发射光谱法(ICP-OES)和电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)等传统检测技术存在成本高、灵敏度低等局限性。基于碳纳米材料的电化学传感器已成为快速、经济和超灵敏重金属分析的极具吸引力的替代方法。方法:本综述总结了利用有序介孔碳、碳纳米管、石墨烯和碳点等碳纳米材料进行有毒重金属电化学传感的最新进展。文章讨论了合成方法、表征技术、功能化策略和检测机制。结果:碳纳米材料具有高表面积、导电性和电催化活性,可在电极界面上实现金属离子的预浓缩和信号放大。这使得检测限低至万亿分之一的水平。金属纳米粒子、分子印迹聚合物和其他纳米复合材料的功能化进一步提高了传感器的选择性和灵敏度。这些传感器已被用于定量检测实验室样品中的砷、汞、铅、镉、铬和其他有毒金属:基于碳纳米管、石墨烯、介孔碳和碳点的电化学传感器正在迅速崛起,成为一种超灵敏、高性价比的传统技术替代品,用于现场筛查食品和环境中的重金属污染。利用真实世界的样本进行进一步验证,并将其集成到便携式现场测试工具包中,可实现广泛应用。
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来源期刊
Current Nanoscience
Current Nanoscience 工程技术-材料科学:综合
CiteScore
3.50
自引率
6.70%
发文量
83
审稿时长
4.4 months
期刊介绍: Current Nanoscience publishes (a) Authoritative/Mini Reviews, and (b) Original Research and Highlights written by experts covering the most recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. All aspects of the field are represented including nano-structures, nano-bubbles, nano-droplets and nanofluids. Applications of nanoscience in physics, material science, chemistry, synthesis, environmental science, electronics, biomedical nanotechnology, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, medicine and pharmaceuticals are also covered. The journal is essential to all researches involved in nanoscience and its applied and fundamental areas of science, chemistry, physics, material science, engineering and medicine. Current Nanoscience also welcomes submissions on the following topics of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Nanoelectronics and photonics Advanced Nanomaterials Nanofabrication and measurement Nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine Nanotechnology for energy Sensors and actuator Computational nanoscience and technology.
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