Increased carotid intima-media thickness is associated with higher odds of unfavorable outcomes in adults without advanced vascular diseases presenting with non-severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a nested case-control study

Abstract

Aim To evaluate the association between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) at hospital admission and unfavorable outcomes in adults without advanced vascular diseases presenting with non-severe COVID-19 pneumonia to assess the feasibility of evaluating CIMT as a risk stratification aid in this setting. Methods This proof-of-concept nested case-control study enrolled consecutive non-vaccinated adults free of advanced vascular diseases presenting with verified non-severe COVID-19 pneumonia between December 2020 and June 2021. CIMT was measured at admission, and patients were managed in line with the national Ministry of Health guidelines. Those who died or required mechanical ventilation (MV) during the index hospital stay were considered cases and were matched (entropy balancing, exact matching) on a set of covariates to survivors not requiring MV (controls). Frequentist and Bayesian logistic models were fitted to the case status. Results The study enrolled 207 patients: 27 (13%) cases and 180 controls. All were retained in the analysis after entropy balancing, while 27 cases were exactly matched to 99 controls. Higher CIMT at the proximal internal carotid artery (both left and right) was consistently associated with higher odds of being a case: all odds ratio point-estimates were ≥1.50 with lower limits of the 99% confidence intervals/credibility intervals ≥1.00 with two-sided probabilities of OR>1.00 greater than 99.5%. The susceptibility of the estimates to unmeasured confounding was low. Conclusion This study supports the feasibility of CIMT as a risk stratification aid in adults free of advanced vascular disease presenting with non-severe COVID-19 pneumonia.