The Candida Genus Complex: Biology, Evolution, Pathogenicity Virulence and One Health Aspects, Beyond the Candida albicans Paradigm. A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Introduction: Yeast species of the genus Candida are important human pathogens and cause 90% of existing fungal infections. These pathogens within the One Health vision are closely linked to human, animal and environmental health. Objective: To emphasize the importance of the status of Candida yeasts, as infectious, opportunistic and emerging agents. Methodology: Databases and books relevant to the subject were used. Results: Candidemia is the most hostile fungal infection in the studied populations. Several cases of superficial and invasive diseases involve isolation of these yeasts in various population groups. Parenteral nutrition, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, prolonged hospitalization, chemotherapy and vascular catheters were considered risk factors. C. albicans is the most prevalent species, followed by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata and more recently by the appearance of a new pathogen C. auris. Yeasts of the genus Candida are associated with a high lethality rate in relation to hematological malignancies, mainly C. albicans. Discussion: The pathogenic prevalence of Candida spp. is recognized all over the world. Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated species from clinical materials. The literature discusses methods used to differentiate strains in the study of the epidemiological relationship of members of the genus listed in this review. New Candida species isolated from clinical specimens continue to grow each year. Conclusion: Candidemia is a prevalent pathology with high incidence, morbidity and mortality in the world. The taxonomy, mechanisms of action and status of this yeast genus are related to its virulence, adhesion and epidemiological characteristics, more suitable for treatments to control cases of fungal infections caused by yeasts of the genus Candida.