Forging New Instruments of Mass Social Control from Traditional Materials: The Disciplinary Role of Catholic Church Personnel in Franco's State Prison System of the 1940s and 1950s

IF 0.4 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
Gutmaro Gómez Bravo
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Francoism's repression of its civilian population was based on a massified prison system and parallel system of punitive parole. At their core were religious personnel who fulfilled key disciplinary functions for the new state. By the latter stages of the civil war (1936–1939), church and lay Catholic personnel had already produced the legal justifications to underpin the repression. They blended older quasi-theocratic and anti-egalitarian philosophy to meet the disciplinary needs of the new moment where a politically mobilized society was challenging older forms of traditional order and hierarchy (before and during the war). This church–state symbiosis in Spain was already explicit by the early-twentieth century. After World War Two, as before it, Franco's ‘National-Catholic’ dictatorship deployed religious personnel speaking an antiquated language of ‘re-Christianization’ and ‘religious conversion’ to impose a modern, state disciplinary project – i.e., the sculpting and close surveillance of its population. Given the Church's full participation in this ‘divine totalitarianism’, it was paradoxical that by the time of Cold War ascendancy in the mid-1950s, it would be the same Church providing an alibi for Franco's state – in which judicial and penal systems remained militarized, and the everyday lives of its population closely controlled – to reassure Western interlocutors, who were themselves mostly socially conservative and/or Christian-Democratic, of Francoism's ‘non-totalitarian’ nature.
从传统材料中锻造新的大众社会控制工具:天主教会人员在二十世纪四五十年代佛朗哥国家监狱系统中的惩戒作用
佛朗哥主义对平民的镇压以大规模监狱系统和平行的惩罚性假释系统为基础。其核心是宗教人员,他们为新国家履行着关键的惩戒职能。到内战后期(1936-1939 年),教会和非宗教天主教人员已经为镇压提供了法律依据。他们将旧有的准神权和反平等主义哲学融合在一起,以满足新时期的纪律需求,在新时期,政治动员的社会正在挑战旧有的传统秩序和等级制度(战前和战时)。在西班牙,这种教会与国家的共生关系在二十世纪初就已显现。二战后和二战前一样,佛朗哥的 "国家-天主教 "独裁政权部署宗教人员,使用 "再基督教化 "和 "宗教皈依 "等过时的语言来实施一项现代的国家惩戒计划--即对民众进行雕塑和严密监视。鉴于教会全面参与了这种 "神圣的极权主义",令人啼笑皆非的是,到了20世纪50年代中期冷战兴起之时,正是教会为佛朗哥的国家提供了托辞--在佛朗哥的国家中,司法和刑法系统仍然是军事化的,民众的日常生活受到严密控制--以向西方对话者保证佛朗哥主义的 "非极权主义 "性质,而西方对话者本身大多是社会保守派和/或基督教民主派。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
37
期刊介绍: European History Quarterly has earned an international reputation as an essential resource on European history, publishing articles by eminent historians on a range of subjects from the later Middle Ages to post-1945. European History Quarterly also features review articles by leading authorities, offering a comprehensive survey of recent literature in a particular field, as well as an extensive book review section, enabling you to keep up to date with what"s being published in your field. The journal also features historiographical essays.
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