When Was the War in Spain? Liberal State, Illiberal Justice in the Twentieth Century

IF 0.4 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
Helen Graham
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The article analyzes increasingly militarized state power and public order in twentieth-century Spain, discussing these in the context of other European states’ disciplinary regimes, with their ubiquitous social-Darwinist dimension in an era of accelerating urbanization, industrial change and emergent mass societies. The article offers a dissection of the often problematically opaque term ‘liberal’, arguing that wherever Spain or other twentieth-century European states were positioned on the dictatorial-through-parliamentary-constitutional spectrum, they all came to be ‘gardening states’ (Bauman). Each state's goal was to sculpt its population as part of a nationalist project – nationalism being the norm, whether named as such or not. Francoism is analysed in this framework, as a hybrid war-born political order blending old-style, top-down military control with new forms of populist mass mobilization from below, the latter enabled and accelerated by the war of 1936–1939. The article defines the Franco dictatorship as fascist in the 1940s and totalitarian for far longer, until macro-economic changes – which its cupola believed for a long time need not affect the deep form of Spanish society – hollowed out Francoism's own ideological categories (and its ‘disciplinary’ efficacy), but not its obsession with social control, which it called ‘social peace’.
西班牙何时爆发战争?二十世纪的自由主义国家、非自由主义司法
文章分析了二十世纪西班牙日益军事化的国家权力和公共秩序,并结合其他欧洲国家的惩戒制度进行了讨论,在一个城市化加速、工业变革和大众社会兴起的时代,这些制度无处不在地具有社会达尔文主义的色彩。文章对 "自由主义 "一词进行了剖析,认为无论西班牙或其他二十世纪欧洲国家在从独裁到议会再到宪法的光谱中处于何种位置,它们都是 "园艺国家"(鲍曼语)。每个国家的目标都是将其人口塑造成民族主义项目的一部分--民族主义是常态,无论是否被命名为民族主义。文章在这一框架下分析了佛朗哥主义,将其视为战争催生的混合政治秩序,既有旧式的自上而下的军事控制,也有新形式的自下而上的民粹主义群众动员,后者因 1936-1939 年的战争而得以实现并加速发展。文章将佛朗哥独裁统治定义为 20 世纪 40 年代的法西斯主义,并在更长的时间内实行极权主义,直到宏观经济的变化--佛朗哥独裁统治的冲天炉长期以来一直认为这种变化无需影响西班牙社会的深层形式--掏空了佛朗哥主义自身的意识形态范畴(及其 "惩戒 "效力),但并未掏空其对社会控制的痴迷,佛朗哥独裁统治将其称为 "社会和平"。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
37
期刊介绍: European History Quarterly has earned an international reputation as an essential resource on European history, publishing articles by eminent historians on a range of subjects from the later Middle Ages to post-1945. European History Quarterly also features review articles by leading authorities, offering a comprehensive survey of recent literature in a particular field, as well as an extensive book review section, enabling you to keep up to date with what"s being published in your field. The journal also features historiographical essays.
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