Polyendemics: From theory to practice

Abstract

After COVID-19, there was a resurgence of viral and bacterial diseases globally. Data from January 2023 indicates a shift in infectious disease patterns, with influenza, RSV, SARS-CoV-2, and other viruses prevalent, leading to a termed “polyendemia.” Increased cases of invasive group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal disease (SBEA) and scarlet fever, particularly in children, have been reported in various countries. Several factors contribute to the rise in respiratory infections, including the concept of “immunity debt,” interactions between respiratory viruses, and potential immune dysregulation induced by SARS-CoV-2. Recent reports also highlight increased pneumonia cases in Chinese children, attributed to various respiratory viruses. The implications for clinical practice emphasize prevention, advocating safety measures, and promoting vaccination, especially for influenza and COVID-19. A new monoclonal antibody, nirsevimab, offers passive immunization against RSV. Rapid diagnostic tests for the early identification of viruses or bacteria are recommended. The pediatrician underscores the importance of precise diagnosis for epidemiological understanding and future vaccination encouragement.