Global source apportionment of aerosols into major emission regions and sectors over 1850–2017

Abstract

Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and precursor gases have been changing significantly in the past few decades across the world. In this study, an explicit aerosol source tagging system (EAST) is merged into the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1) to quantify the variations in anthropogenic aerosol concentrations, source contributions, and their subsequent radiative impact in four major emission regions on the globe during 1850–1980, 1980–2010 and 2010–2017. In North America and Europe, changes in anthropogenic PM_2.5 were mainly caused by changes in emissions from local energy and industrial sectors. The local industrial sector caused the most increase in PM_2.5 in East Asia during1980–2010 and decrease during 2010–2017. In South Asia, the increase in energy-related emissions dominated the rise of PM_2.5 levels during 1980–2017. During 1850–1980, the increases in emissions from North America contributed to the increase in European PM_2.5 burden by 1.7 mg m^-2 and the sources from the Europe were also responsible for the PM_2.5 burden increase in East Asia and South Asia by about 1.0 mg m^-2. During 1980–2010, East Asia contributed to an increase of 0.4–0.6 mg m^-2 in PM_2.5 burden in North America and Europe, while South Asian contributed about 0.3 mg m^-2. During 2010–2017, the contributions from East Asia to the PM_2.5 burdens in the North America, Europe and South Asia declined by 0.3–0.6 mg m^-2 due to Clean Air actions in China, while the contributions from South Asia still increased due to the continuous increase in emissions in South Asia. The historical changes in aerosols had an impact on effective radiative forcing through aerosol-radiation interactions (ERF_ari). During 1980–2010, a decline in North American aerosols resulted in a positive ERF_ari change (warming effect) in Europe and a decline of aerosols in Europe caused a warming effect in Russia and northern China. The changes in ERF_ari from the increase and decrease of aerosols in China during 1980–2010 and 2010–2017, respectively, are comparable in magnitude. The continuous aerosol increases in South Asia from 1980 to 2017 resulted in negative ERF_ari (cooling) changes in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China.