Differential sensitivity to hypoxia enables shape-based classification of sickle cell disease and trait blood samples at point of care

Abstract

Red blood cells (RBCs) become sickle-shaped and stiff under hypoxia as a consequence of hemoglobin (Hb) polymerization in sickle cell anemia. Distinguishing between sickle cell disease and trait is crucial during the diagnosis of sickle cell disease. While genetic analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can accurately differentiate between these two genotypes, these tests are unsuitable for field use. Here, we report a novel microscopy-based diagnostic test called ShapeDx™ to distinguish between disease and trait blood in less than 1 h. This is achieved by mixing an unknown blood sample with low and high concentrations of a chemical oxygen scavenger and thereby subjecting the blood to slow and fast hypoxia, respectively. The different rates of Hb polymerization resulting from slow and fast hypoxia lead to two distinct RBC shape distributions in the same blood sample, which allows us to identify it as healthy, trait, or disease. The controlled hypoxic environment necessary for differential Hb polymerization is generated using an imaging microchamber, which also reduces the sickling time of trait blood from several hours to just 30 min. In a single-blinded proof-of-concept study conducted on a small cohort of clinical samples, the results of the ShapeDx™ test were 100% concordant with HPLC results. Additionally, our field studies have demonstrated that ShapeDx™ is the first reported microscopy test capable of distinguishing between sickle cell disease and trait samples in resource-limited settings with the same accuracy as a gold standard test.