Statin-Induced Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy: Case Report of a Patient under Chronic Treatment

Abstract

Introduction. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors are widely used worldwide to treat dyslipidaemia and prevent cardiovascular events. Statins can cause a wide variety of muscle injuries ranging from myalgia to severe rhabdomyolysis. In most cases, these symptoms are mild and self-limiting and do not require specific treatment besides drug withdrawal. Statin-induced autoimmune necrotizing myopathy (SINAM) is a rare but potentially fatal complication, characterized by the subacute onset of progressive proximal muscle weakness and considerably high creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels in patients exposed to statins. The diagnosis is supported by the presence of antibodies HMGCR, which allows the differentiation from other forms of necrotizing autoimmune myopathies. Symptoms usually progress even after statin discontinuation and can determine severe muscle damage. Summary. We describe the case of a 77-year-old man who developed SINAM after 5 years of statin use. He suffered from muscle functional impairment mainly involving proximal lower limb muscles which progressed to the point that he almost became bedridden. Initial treatment with prednisone alone was not effective, and he required a combination therapy with steroids, methotrexate, and intravenous immunoglobulins. After 5 months of therapy and rehabilitation, he showed complete laboratory response and muscle strength recovery. Conclusion. Recognizing SINAM is paramount in order to promptly start treatment and avoid permanent muscle damage. Using a combination therapy from the beginning could contribute to a better outcome. Prompt statin cessation, categorization of the muscle disease by autoantibody testing, imaging, and histology, exclusion of malignancy, and anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteroids, antimetabolites, immunoglobulins, and in some cases rituximab are currently accepted approaches to this entity.