Peregrine falcons shift mean and variance in provisioning in response to increasing brood demand

IF 2.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Rebekah A McKinnon, Kevin Hawkshaw, Erik Hedlin, Shinichi Nakagawa, Kimberley J. Mathot
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Abstract

Abstract The hierarchical model of provisioning posits that parents employ a strategic, sequential use of three provisioning tactics as offspring demand increases (e.g., due to increasing brood size and age). Namely, increasing delivery rate (reducing intervals between provisioning visits), expanding provisioned diet breadth, and adopting variance-sensitive provisioning. We evaluated this model in an Arctic breeding population of Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus tundrius) by analyzing changes in inter-visit-intervals (IVIs) and residual variance in IVIs across 7 study years. Data were collected using motion-sensitive nest camera images and analyzed using Bayesian mixed effect models. We found strong support for a decrease in IVIs (i.e., increase in delivery rates) between provisioning visits and an increase in residual variance in IVIs with increasing nestling age, consistent with the notion that peregrines shift to variance-prone provisioning strategies with increasing nestling demand. However, support for predictions made based on the hierarchical model of tactics for coping with increased brood demand was equivocal as we did not find evidence in support of expected covariances between random effects (i.e., between IVI to an average sized brood (intercept), change in IVI with brood demand (slope) or variance in IVI). Overall, our study provides important biological insights into how parents cope with increased brood demand.
游隼因育雏需求增加而改变供给的平均值和方差
摘要 分层供给模型认为,随着后代需求的增加(例如,由于育雏规模和年龄的增加),亲本会战略性地、有序地使用三种供给策略。即,提高喂食率(缩短喂食间隔)、扩大喂食范围和采用对变异敏感的喂食方式。我们通过分析7个研究年度中游隼(Falco peregrinus tundrius)的探视间隔(IVIs)和IVIs残差的变化,在北极繁殖种群中评估了这一模型。数据是通过运动感应巢穴照相机图像收集的,并使用贝叶斯混合效应模型进行分析。我们发现,随着雏鸟年龄的增加,IVIs的间隔减少(即分娩率增加),IVIs的残差增加,这与游隼随着雏鸟需求的增加而转向易产生差异的供给策略的观点一致。然而,基于应对育雏需求增加的策略的分层模型的预测支持并不明确,因为我们没有发现证据支持随机效应之间的预期协方差(即平均育雏规模的IVI(截距)、IVI随育雏需求的变化(斜率)或IVI的方差之间的协方差)。总之,我们的研究为父母如何应对育雏需求的增加提供了重要的生物学启示。
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来源期刊
Behavioral Ecology
Behavioral Ecology 环境科学-动物学
CiteScore
5.20
自引率
8.30%
发文量
93
审稿时长
3.0 months
期刊介绍: Studies on the whole range of behaving organisms, including plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and humans, are included. Behavioral Ecology construes the field in its broadest sense to include 1) the use of ecological and evolutionary processes to explain the occurrence and adaptive significance of behavior patterns; 2) the use of behavioral processes to predict ecological patterns, and 3) empirical, comparative analyses relating behavior to the environment in which it occurs.
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