Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 under acidic conditions

Abstract

Objectives

Streptococcus gordonii is associated with the formation of biofilms, especially those that comprise dental plaque. Notably, S. gordonii DL1 causes infective endocarditis (IE). Colonization of this bacterium requires a mechanism that can tolerate a drop in environmental pH by producing acid via its own sugar metabolism. The ability to survive acidic environmental conditions might allow the bacterium to establish vegetative colonization even in the endocardium due to inflammation-induced lowering of pH, increasing the risk of IE. At present, the mechanism by which S. gordonii DL1 survives under acidic conditions is not thoroughly elucidated. The present study was thus conducted to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which S. gordonii DL1 survives under acidic conditions.

Methods

We analyzed dynamic changes in gene transcription and intracellular metabolites in S. gordonii DL1 exposed to acidic conditions, using transcriptome and metabolome analyses.

Results

Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of genes involved in heat shock response and glycolysis, and down regulation of genes involved in phosphotransferase systems and biosynthesis of amino acids. The most upregulated genes were a beta-strand repeat protein of unknown function (SGO_RS06325), followed by copper-translocating P-type ATPase (SGO_RS09470) and malic enzyme (SGO_RS01850). The latter two of these contribute to cytoplasmic alkalinization. S. gordonii mutant strains lacking each of these genes showed significantly reduced survival under acidic conditions. Metabolome analysis revealed that cytoplasmic levels of several amino acids were reduced.

Conclusions

S. gordonii survives the acidic conditions by recovering the acidic cytoplasm using the various activities, which are regulated at the transcriptional level.