Photoluminescence and X-ray induced scintillation in Gd3+-Tb3+ co-doped fluoride-phosphate glasses, and derived glass-ceramics containing NaGdF4 nanocrystals

Abstract

The glass system (50NaPO₃–20BaF₂–10CaF₂–20GdF₃)-xTbCl₃ with x = 0.3, 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt % was investigated. We successfully produced transparent glass ceramic (GC) scintillators with x = 1 through a melt-quenching process followed by thermal treatment. The luminescence and crystallization characteristics of these materials were thoroughly examined using various analytical methods. The nanocrystallization of Tb³⁺-doped Na₅Gd₉F₃₂ within the doped fluoride-phosphate glasses resulted in enhanced photoluminescence (PL) and radioluminescence (RL) of the Tb³⁺ ions. The GC exhibited an internal PL quantum yield of 33 % and the integrated RL intensity across the UV-visible range was 36 % of that reported for the commercial BGO powder scintillator. This research showcases that Tb-doped fluoride-phosphate GCs containing nanocrystalline Na₅Gd₉F₃₂ have the potential to serve as efficient scintillators while having lower melting temperature compared to traditional silicate and germanate glasses.