Reaction mechanisms of NASICON-type Na4MnV(PO4)3/C as a cathode for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

NASCION-type Na₄MnV(PO₄)₃/C was synthesized through a sol–gel method. Two Na⁺ ions can reversibly (de)intercalation from/into the unit structure, with a reversible capacity of 106.7 mAh/g. The charge–discharge curves show a voltage slope at 3.4 V, and a plateau at 3.6 V. To elucidate the sodium storage mechanisms, the structure evolution and electron transfer are demonstrated using in-situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. It is found that at different stage of the electrochemical process, it undergoes different phase reaction process with different redox couples. A single-phase reaction occurs when the first sodium-ion extracted from Na₄MnV(PO₄)₃ with a V³⁺/V⁴⁺ redox, while a two-phase reaction takes place when the second sodium-ion extracted with a Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺ redox. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, GITT, indicates the single-phase reaction process shows a faster kinetic compared to the two-phase reaction process. These findings between the kinetics, chemical and structural evolution provide new insight into the sodium storage mechanisms of NASICON-type cathode, and further the understanding of other materials for sodium-ion batteries.