Association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States, 2015–2021

IF 3.3 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Epidemiology Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI:10.1097/EE9.0000000000000267

Ellen Martinson, Howard Chang, R. D’Souza, S. Ebelt, N. Scovronick

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Abstract

Background: Here, we investigate the association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States between 2015 and 2021. Methods: We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study. Data on fatal police shootings were from the Washington Post’s Fatal Force database and temperature data were from Daymet. Results: A 5°C increase in maximum same-day temperature was associated with a 1.033 (95% CI = 1.002, 1.065) increased odds of a fatal police shooting. In stratified analyses, the strongest associations were observed in victims who were armed (OR, 1.052 [95% CI = 1.017, 1.088), White (OR, 1.052 [95% CI = 1.006, 1.100), or aged 45+ (OR, 1.110 [95% CI = 1.044, 1.181]). In additional subgroup analyses, relative risks were also generally higher among those who were armed. Conclusions: There is evidence of an association between outdoor temperature and fatal police shootings in the United States, particularly when the victims were reported as armed. This study cannot determine if the associations are a result of any specific causes (e.g., increased police aggression or other factors).

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2015-2021 年美国室外温度与警察致命枪击案之间的关系

背景:在这里，我们调查了2015年至2021年间美国室外温度与致命警察枪击事件之间的关系。方法:采用时间分层病例交叉研究。警方致命枪击事件的数据来自《华盛顿邮报》的致命力量数据库，气温数据来自Daymet。结果:当天最高气温每升高5°C，发生警察致命枪击的几率增加1.033 (95% CI = 1.002, 1.065)。在分层分析中，在武装人员(OR, 1.052 [95% CI = 1.017, 1.088])、白人(OR, 1.052 [95% CI = 1.006, 1.100])和45岁以上(OR, 1.110 [95% CI = 1.044, 1.181])的受害者中观察到最强的相关性。在其他亚组分析中，武装人员的相对风险也普遍较高。结论:有证据表明，在美国，室外温度与致命的警察枪击事件之间存在关联，特别是当受害者被报道为持有武器时。这项研究无法确定这种关联是否由任何特定原因(例如，警察的攻击性增加或其他因素)造成。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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