Frugivory, predation, and seed dispersal in Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast. (Elaeocarpaceae) -a near threatened species of the Western Ghats, India

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI:10.1016/j.japb.2023.11.005

Nimisha ES, Sreekumar VB

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Abstract

Frugivory and seed dispersal of Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast. were studied in the shola forest of Eravikulam National Park. The entire day was divided into four-time intervals: morning (07.00–10.00), midday (10.00–01.00), afternoon (01.00–04.00), and evening (04.00–07.00) for data collection. Eleven bird and animal species from 10 families feed on the ripened fruits of this endemic tree. The frugivores are Nilgiri wood pigeon (Columba elphinstonii), large-billed crow (Corvus macororhynchos), small green barbet (Megalaima viridis), red vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), Indian cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus), Nilgiri langur (Semnopithecus johni), lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), brown palm civet (Paradoxurus jerdonii), Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica), grizzled Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura), and Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica). Lion-tailed macaques, Indian crested porcupines, Indian giant squirrels, and grizzled Indian giant squirrels were the seed predators. Diurnal animals had the most visits during midday (10.00 am-1.00 pm), while nocturnal animals had the most visits during late evening (7.00 pm-10.00 pm). Nilgiri langurs had the highest predation intensity (92.93%), and brown palm civets left the most intact seeds (76.34%). Frugivore visits were evenly distributed across various individual trees, highlighting the importance of E. munronii trees as a food source for many species.

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Elaeocarpus munronii（Wight）Mast.(Elaeocarpaceae)--印度西高止山脉的一种濒危物种

在伊拉维库拉姆国家公园（Eravikulam National Park）的梭罗森林中研究了芒柄茜草（Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast.）的食草性和种子传播。全天分为四个时间段收集数据：上午（07.00-10.00）、中午（10.00-01.00）、下午（01.00-04.00）和傍晚（04.00-07.00）。10 个科的 11 种鸟类和动物以这种特有树木的成熟果实为食。食草动物包括尼尔吉里木鸽（Columba elphinstonii）、大嘴乌鸦（Corvus macororhynchos）、小绿鹀（Megalaima viridis）、红嘴鹎（Pycnonotus cafer）、印度杜鹃（Cuculus micropterus）、尼尔吉里叶猴（Semnopithecus johni）、狮尾猕猴（Macaca silenus）、棕色果子狸（Paradoxurus jerdonii）、印度大松鼠（Ratufa indica）、灰白印度大松鼠（Ratufa macroura）和印度冠豪猪（Hystrix indica）。狮尾猕猴、印度冠豪猪、印度大松鼠和灰白印度大松鼠是种子的捕食者。昼行动物在中午（上午 10 点至下午 1 点）来访最多，而夜行动物在傍晚（晚上 7 点至 10 点）来访最多。尼尔吉里叶猴的捕食强度最高（92.93%），棕果子狸留下的完整种子最多（76.34%）。食草动物的足迹均匀地分布在不同的树木上，这突出表明了 E. munronii 树作为许多物种的食物来源的重要性。

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