Intrinsically asymmetric atomic character regulates piezoelectricity in two-dimensional materials

Abstract

Decreasing of layer thickness causes the decrease of polarization until it disappears due to the existence of depolarization field. Therefore, the search for strong piezoelectric materials is highly desirable for multifunctional ultra-thin piezoelectric devices. Herein, we propose a common strategy for achieving strong piezoelectric materials through the electronic asymmetry induced by the intrinsically asymmetric atomic character of different chalcogen atoms. Accordingly, in the tetrahedral lattice structures, for example, M₄X₃Y₃ (M = Pd/Ni, X/Y = S, Se or Te, X ≠ Y) monolayers are proved to display excellent out-of-plane piezoelectricity. Ni₄Se₃Te₃ possesses the largest piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ of 61.57 pm/V, which is much larger than that of most 2D materials. Enhancing the electronic asymmetry further increases the out-of-plane piezoelectricity of Janus M₄X₃Y₃ materials. Correspondingly, the out-of-plane piezoelectricity is positively correlated with the ratio of electronegativity difference (R_ed) and the electric dipole moment (P). This work provides alternative materials for energy harvesting nano-devices or self-energized wearable devices, and supplies a valuable guideline for predicting 2D materials with strong out-of-plane piezoelectricity.