Noise from Unconventional Aircraft: A Review of Current Measurement Techniques, Psychoacoustics, Metrics and Regulation

IF 6.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Michael J. B. Lotinga, Carlos Ramos-Romero, Nathan Green, Antonio J. Torija
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review aims to evaluate and discuss the current advances in the measurement and assessment of the noise generated by unconventional aircraft, such as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles. Building upon the findings of this review, research gaps are identified, and further work is proposed to enhance existing and emerging methods for the appropriate noise management of these advanced air mobility (AAM) technologies.

Recent Findings

Noise has been highlighted as one of the key concerns for the wider deployment of UAS and UAM operations. This is suggested to be due to having acoustic signatures with sound characteristics commonly associated with noise annoyance, such as ‘sharpness’ (the perceived proportion of high-pitched sonic energy) and ‘tonality’ (the perceptual prominence of concentrated sonic energy at discrete frequencies). These types of ‘psychoacoustic features’ are thought to be connected with observations of increased noise annoyance for AAM, compared with conventional aircraft and road vehicles, at the same level of sound exposure.

Summary

In the last few years, there has been a growing body of research on UAS and UAM noise. Research has focused on a comprehensive understanding of the sound sources of these unconventional aircraft under a wide range of operating and operational conditions. Based on gathered evidence, measurement protocols for both laboratory and field studies are very advanced for the acoustic characterisation of UAS in terms of sound level, frequency and directivity. Looking at the human response to UAS and UAM noise, loudness has been consistently reported as the main contributor to noise annoyance, with second-order contributions from other psychoacoustic features, such as sharpness, tonality and ‘amplitude modulation’ (fluctuations in loudness over time), varying among studies. Noise targets for UAS certification have been derived from existing regulations for conventional aircraft and rotorcraft, but might not account for the usually reported annoyance offset between UAS/UAM and conventional vehicles. Key research gaps identified include the lack of studies focusing on multiple events, and deeper understanding of the influence that personal or contextual factors may have on responses, which will be important for the development of robust methods for the assessment and minimisation of community noise annoyance due to the operation of these unconventional aircraft.

Graphical Abstract

Abstract Image

非常规飞机噪音:当前测量技术、心理声学、度量和监管综述
综述目的本综述旨在评估和讨论当前在测量和评估无人机系统 (UAS) 和城市空中机动性 (UAM) 车辆等非常规飞机产生的噪声方面取得的进展。在综述结果的基础上,确定了研究差距,并提出了进一步的工作建议,以加强现有和新兴的方法,对这些先进的空中机动(AAM)技术进行适当的噪声管理。有人认为,这是由于无人机系统具有通常与噪声烦恼相关的声学特征,如 "尖锐度"(高音声能的感知比例)和 "音调"(离散频率的集中声能的感知突出度)。这些类型的 "心理声学特征 "被认为与观察到的在相同的声音暴露水平下,无人机和无人驾驶航空器与传统飞机和公路车辆相比噪声干扰增加有关。研究重点是全面了解这些非常规飞机在各种运行和操作条件下的声源。根据收集到的证据,实验室和现场研究的测量协议在声级、频率和指向性方面对无人机系统的声学特征进行了非常先进的描述。从人类对无人机系统和无人机飞行器噪声的反应来看,响度一直被认为是造成噪声干扰的主要因素,其他心理声学特征,如尖锐度、音调和 "振幅调制"(响度随时间的波动)对噪声干扰的次要影响因研究而异。无人机系统认证的噪声目标源自现有的常规飞机和旋翼机法规,但可能无法解释通常报告的无人机系统/UAM 与常规飞行器之间的干扰抵消。已确定的主要研究缺口包括:缺乏以多个事件为重点的研究,以及缺乏对个人或环境因素可能对反应产生的影响的深入了解。
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来源期刊
Current Pollution Reports
Current Pollution Reports Environmental Science-Water Science and Technology
CiteScore
12.10
自引率
1.40%
发文量
31
期刊介绍: Current Pollution Reports provides in-depth review articles contributed by international experts on the most significant developments in the field of environmental pollution.By presenting clear, insightful, balanced reviews that emphasize recently published papers of major importance, the journal elucidates current and emerging approaches to identification, characterization, treatment, management of pollutants and much more.
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