Indoor residential and outdoor sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Nicosia, Cyprus

IF 2.9 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Air Quality Atmosphere and Health Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI:10.1007/s11869-023-01460-8

Yichen Wang, Petros Koutrakis, Antonis Michanikou, Panayiotis Kouis, Andrie G. Panayiotou, Paraskevi Kinni, Filippos Tymvios, Andreas Chrysanthou, Marina Neophytou, Petros Mouzourides, Chrysanthos Savvides, Emily Vasiliadou, Ilias Papasavvas, Theodoros Christophides, Rozalia Nicolaou, Panayiotis Avraamides, Choong-Min Kang, Stefania I. Papatheodorou, Nicos Middleton, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros, Souzana Achilleos

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Abstract

Cyprus is a typical eastern Mediterranean country that suffers from local emissions, transported anthropogenic pollution, and dust storms all year round. Therefore, exposures to PM in ambient and residential micro-environments are of great public health concern. Our study collected indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ samples simultaneously in 22 houses in Nicosia, Cyprus, during warm seasons and cold seasons from February 2019 to May 2021. Samples were analyzed for mass and constituents’ concentrations. To determine indoor and outdoor sources of PM in residential environments, we used the EPA positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to conduct source apportionment analyses for both indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ particles. Generally, six types of residential-level PM sources were resolved: biomass burning, traffic, local or regional secondary sulfate pollution, Ca-rich particles, sea salt, and soil dust. In the source apportionment of PM_2.5, the main contribution to outdoor levels (33.1%) was associated with sulfate-rich transported pollution. The predominant contribution to indoor levels (48.0%) was attributed to secondary sulfate pollution as a mixture of local- and regional-scale pollutants. Biomass burning and traffic sources constituted the main outdoor sources of indoor PM_2.5, while the Ca-rich particles were identified to almost originate from indoors. By contrast, the largest fraction (29.3%) of the ambient PM₁₀ and a smaller proportion (10.2%) of indoor PM₁₀ were attributed to Ca-rich particles. Indoor PM₁₀ was associated mainly with outdoor sources, except for the soil dust which originated from indoor activities.

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塞浦路斯尼科西亚的室内、住宅和室外PM2.5和PM10来源

塞浦路斯是一个典型的东地中海国家，常年遭受本地排放、运输的人为污染和沙尘暴的困扰。因此，在环境和居住微环境中暴露于PM是一个重大的公共卫生问题。我们的研究在2019年2月至2021年5月的温暖季节和寒冷季节同时收集了塞浦路斯尼科西亚22所房屋的室内和室外PM2.5和PM10样本。分析样品的质量和成分浓度。为了确定居住环境中室内和室外PM的来源，我们使用EPA正矩阵分解(PMF)模型对室内和室外PM2.5和PM10颗粒进行源分配分析。总体而言，解决了6种居民级PM来源:生物质燃烧、交通、地方或区域二次硫酸盐污染、富钙颗粒、海盐和土壤粉尘。在PM2.5的来源分配中，室外水平的主要贡献(33.1%)与富含硫酸盐的运输污染有关。室内水平的主要贡献(48.0%)归因于二次硫酸盐污染，作为局部和区域尺度污染物的混合物。生物质燃烧和交通源是室内PM2.5的主要室外来源，富钙颗粒几乎来源于室内。相比之下，环境PM10的最大比例(29.3%)和室内PM10的较小比例(10.2%)归因于富钙颗粒。除室内活动产生的土壤粉尘外，室内PM10主要与室外源有关。

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来源期刊

Air Quality Atmosphere and Health ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-

CiteScore

8.80

自引率

2.00%

发文量

146

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Air Quality, Atmosphere, and Health is a multidisciplinary journal which, by its very name, illustrates the broad range of work it publishes and which focuses on atmospheric consequences of human activities and their implications for human and ecological health. It offers research papers, critical literature reviews and commentaries, as well as special issues devoted to topical subjects or themes. International in scope, the journal presents papers that inform and stimulate a global readership, as the topic addressed are global in their import. Consequently, we do not encourage submission of papers involving local data that relate to local problems. Unless they demonstrate wide applicability, these are better submitted to national or regional journals. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health addresses such topics as acid precipitation; airborne particulate matter; air quality monitoring and management; exposure assessment; risk assessment; indoor air quality; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric modeling and prediction; air pollution climatology; climate change and air quality; air pollution measurement; atmospheric impact assessment; forest-fire emissions; atmospheric science; greenhouse gases; health and ecological effects; clean air technology; regional and global change and satellite measurements. This journal benefits a diverse audience of researchers, public health officials and policy makers addressing problems that call for solutions based in evidence from atmospheric and exposure assessment scientists, epidemiologists, and risk assessors. Publication in the journal affords the opportunity to reach beyond defined disciplinary niches to this broader readership.