Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris

IF 2.6 2区 生物学 Q3 CELL BIOLOGY
Dorota Satala, Magdalena Juszczak, Ewelina Wronowska, Magdalena Surowiec, Kamila Kulig, Andrzej Kozik, Maria Rapala-Kozik, Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
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Abstract

Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
与白色念珠菌密切相关的物种的异同:热带念珠菌、都柏林念珠菌和耳念珠菌
虽然念珠菌是健康个体微生物群的广泛共生体,但它们也是最重要的人类真菌病原体之一,在某些条件下可引起不同严重程度的疾病(念珠菌病),从轻微的粘膜浅表感染到危及生命的全身感染。到目前为止,绝大多数旨在了解发病机制的分子基础的研究都集中在最常见的物种-白色念珠菌上。与此同时,其他与CTG分支密切相关的种,即热带念珠菌(Candida tropical)和都柏林念珠菌(Candida dubliniensis)在临床实践中越来越重要,还有一个相对较新发现的种——耳念珠菌(Candida auris)。尽管这些微生物之间的关系密切,但在进化过程中,它们似乎已经发展出不同的生化、代谢和生理适应,它们利用这些适应来适应共生生态位并实现完全的毒力。因此,本文综述了热带镰刀菌、都柏林镰刀菌和耳镰刀菌的毒力因子、混合物种生物膜的形成和相互通讯、环境应激反应和真菌细胞代谢的相关变化、病原体对宿主防御反应和抗真菌药物敏感性的影响,并重点介绍了白色镰刀菌的不同。特别注意由于这些物种之间的相似性和耐药性机制的出现而引起的常见诊断问题。了解念珠菌属重要的机会致病菌实现毒力的不同策略,对于正确诊断和治疗至关重要。
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来源期刊
Cellular Microbiology
Cellular Microbiology 生物-微生物学
CiteScore
9.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
26
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Cellular Microbiology aims to publish outstanding contributions to the understanding of interactions between microbes, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and their host in the context of pathogenic or mutualistic relationships, including co-infections and microbiota. We welcome studies on single cells, animals and plants, and encourage the use of model hosts and organoid cultures. Submission on cell and molecular biological aspects of microbes, such as their intracellular organization or the establishment and maintenance of their architecture in relation to virulence and pathogenicity are also encouraged. Contributions must provide mechanistic insights supported by quantitative data obtained through imaging, cellular, biochemical, structural or genetic approaches.
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