Reliability of Open Public Electric Vehicle Direct Current Fast Chargers.

IF 2.9 3区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Human Factors Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-30 DOI:10.1177/00187208231215242

David Rempel, Carleen Cullen, Mary Matteson Bryan, Gustavo Vianna Cezar

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objective: The aim was to systematically evaluate the usability of all public electric vehicles (EV) direct current fast chargers (DCFC) in the San Francisco region.

Background: To achieve a rapid transition to EVs, a highly reliable and easy to use charging infrastructure is critical to building confidence among consumers.

Methods: The functionality and usability of all 182 open, public DCFC charging stations with CCS connectors (combined charging system) in the 9 counties of the Bay Area were tested (655 electric vehicle service equipment (EVSE) ports). An EVSE was classified as functional if it charged an EV for 2 minutes.

Results: Overall, 73.3% of the 655 EVSEs were functional. The causes of the nonfunctioning EVSEs (23.5%) were blank or unresponsive screens or error messages; payment system failures; charge initiation failures; network failures; or broken connectors. In addition, the cable was too short to reach the EV inlet for 3.2% of the EVSEs. A random sampling of 10% of the EVSEs, approximately 8 days after the first evaluation, found no overall change in functionality.

Conclusions: The level of functionality found with field testing conflicts with the 95-98% uptime reported by the EV service providers (EVSPs) who operate the EV charging stations. There is a need for precise and verifiable definitions of uptime, downtime, and excluded time, as applied to public EV chargers.

Application: The level of failure of the existing public EV DCFC charge infrastructure highlights the importance of improving the system design and maintenance to improve adoption of EVs.

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开放式公共电动汽车直流快速充电器的可靠性研究。

目的:系统评估旧金山地区所有公共电动汽车直流快速充电器(DCFC)的可用性。背景:为了实现向电动汽车的快速过渡，一个高度可靠和易于使用的充电基础设施对于建立消费者的信心至关重要。方法:对旧金山湾区9个县(655个电动汽车服务设备(EVSE)端口)的182个带有CCS连接器的开放式公共DCFC充电站(联合充电系统)的功能和可用性进行测试。如果给电动汽车充电2分钟，就会被归类为功能车辆。结果:总体而言，655个evse中73.3%功能正常。导致evse失灵的原因(23.5%)是屏幕空白或无反应或错误信息;支付系统故障;起爆失败;网络故障;或者连接器坏了。此外，3.2%的电动汽车的电缆太短，无法到达电动汽车的进口。在第一次评估后大约8天，随机抽取10%的evse，发现功能没有总体变化。结论:现场测试发现的功能水平与运营电动汽车充电站的电动汽车服务提供商(evsp)报告的95-98%的正常运行时间相冲突。对于公共电动汽车充电器，需要对正常运行时间、停机时间和排除时间进行精确和可验证的定义。应用:现有公共电动汽车DCFC充电基础设施的故障程度凸显了改进系统设计和维护以提高电动汽车使用率的重要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Human Factors 管理科学-行为科学

CiteScore

10.60

自引率

6.10%

发文量

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society publishes peer-reviewed scientific studies in human factors/ergonomics that present theoretical and practical advances concerning the relationship between people and technologies, tools, environments, and systems. Papers published in Human Factors leverage fundamental knowledge of human capabilities and limitations – and the basic understanding of cognitive, physical, behavioral, physiological, social, developmental, affective, and motivational aspects of human performance – to yield design principles; enhance training, selection, and communication; and ultimately improve human-system interfaces and sociotechnical systems that lead to safer and more effective outcomes.