A review of water reuse applications and effluent standards in response to water scarcity

Abstract

In recent decades, population growth and various environmental hazards induced by climate change impacts have highlighted economic and public health stresses which brought water scarcity to front lines at a global scale. Over two billion people live in countries that are experiencing water scarcity, while double that number live in countries that experience water scarcity at least one month a year [5]. Lack of clean water can lead to severe impacts both in terms of health and well-being and reduced economic growth [4,5]. The challenges associated with water scarcity are only projected to be exacerbated by various complex factors causing unsustainable management and withdrawals of key water sources in the decades ahead. Water scarcity can be addressed through two approaches, defined as improved water efficiency practices and the introduction of different water streams that could replace traditionally sourced potable water. While regulations have been implemented to make water use practices more efficient, water use efficiency alone has not been enough to overcome the increasing water demand. With recent advancements and technologies in treatment and monitoring water reuse has been thrust back into the spotlight as a viable option to help create a more sustainable water supply. Globally water reuse is in varying stages of implementation based on geographic, cultural, legislative, and economic factors. Levels of use range from advanced, with some countries receiving a majority of their water from recycled sources, to non-existent. This paper will focus on the legislative framework that exists in the United States today for municipal water reuse.