Locomotor play behavior evolves by random genetic drift but not as a correlated response to selective breeding for high voluntary wheel-running behavior

IF 1.3 4区 生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Natalie N. Whitehead , Scott A. Kelly , Jessica S. Demes , Nicole E. Schwartz , Theodore Garland Jr.
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Abstract

Locomotor play is vigorous and seemingly purposeless behavior, commonly observed in young mammals. It can be costly in terms of energy expenditure, increased injury risk, and predator exposure. The main hypothesized benefit of locomotor play is enhancement of neuromuscular development, with effects persisting into adulthood. We hypothesized that levels of locomotor play would have evolved as a correlated response to artificial selection for increased voluntary exercise behavior. We studied mice from 4 replicate lines bred for voluntary wheel running (High Runner or HR) at 6–8 weeks of age and four non-selected Control (C) lines. Mice were weaned at 21 days of age and play behavior was observed for generations 20 (22–24 days old), 68 (22–23 days old), and 93 (15 days old). We quantified locomotor play as (1) rapid, horizontally directed jerk-run sequences and (2) vertical "bouncing." We used focal sampling to continuously record behavior in cages containing 4–6 individuals during the first 2–3 h of the dark cycle. Observations were significantly repeatable between observers and days. A two-way, mixed-model simultaneously tested effects of linetype (HR vs. C), sex, and their interaction. Contrary to our hypothesis, HR and C lines did not differ in any generation, nor did we find sex differences. However, differences among the replicate HR lines and among the replicate C lines were detected, and may be attributed to the effects of random genetic drift (and possibly founder effects). Thus, play behavior did evolve in this selection experiment, but not as a correlated response to selection for voluntary exercise.

运动游戏行为是通过随机遗传漂变进化而来的,而不是作为选择性育种对高度自愿的滚轮奔跑行为的相关反应。
运动游戏是一种充满活力和看似没有目的的行为,通常在年轻的哺乳动物中观察到。在能量消耗、受伤风险增加和暴露在捕食者面前方面,这可能是代价高昂的。假设运动游戏的主要好处是促进神经肌肉发育,其影响持续到成年。我们假设,运动游戏的水平可能已经进化为对人为选择增加自愿运动行为的相关反应。我们研究了4个6-8周龄的重复系(High Runner或HR)和4个非选择的Control (C)系的小鼠。小鼠在21日龄断奶,观察第20代(22-24日龄)、第68代(22-23日龄)和第93代(15日龄)的玩耍行为。我们将运动游戏量化为(1)快速,水平方向的跳跃序列和(2)垂直“弹跳”。在黑暗周期的前2-3小时,我们使用焦点采样连续记录4-6只个体的笼子行为。观测结果在观测者和观测日之间具有显著的可重复性。一个双向、混合模型同时测试了系型(HR vs. C)、性别及其相互作用的影响。与我们的假设相反,HR和C系在任何一代都没有差异,我们也没有发现性别差异。然而,在重复的HR系和重复的C系之间检测到差异,这可能归因于随机遗传漂变的影响(也可能是奠基效应)。因此,游戏行为确实在这个选择实验中进化了,但不是作为自愿运动选择的相关反应。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Behavioural Processes
Behavioural Processes 生物-动物学
CiteScore
2.70
自引率
7.70%
发文量
144
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Behavioural Processes is dedicated to the publication of high-quality original research on animal behaviour from any theoretical perspective. It welcomes contributions that consider animal behaviour from behavioural analytic, cognitive, ethological, ecological and evolutionary points of view. This list is not intended to be exhaustive, and papers that integrate theory and methodology across disciplines are particularly welcome.
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