All-in-one strategy to construct bifunctional covalent triazine-based frameworks for simultaneous extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polychlorinated naphthalenes in foods

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are of growing concern due to their toxic effects on the environment and human health. There is an urgent need for strategies to monitor and analyze the coexistence of PFASs and PCNs, especially in food samples at trace levels, to ensure food safety. Herein, a novel β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derived fluoro-functionalized covalent triazine-based frameworks named CD-F-CTF was firstly synthesized. This innovative framework effectively combines the porous nature of the covalent organic framework and the host-guest recognition property of β-CD enabling the simultaneous extraction of PFASs and PCNs. Under the optimal conditions, a simple and rapid method was developed to analyze PFASs and PCNs by solid-phase extraction (SPE) based simultaneous extraction and stepwise elution (SESE) strategy for the first time. When coupled with liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC−MS/MS) and gas chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (GC−MS/MS), this method achieved impressive detection limits for PFASs (0.020 −0.023 ng/g) and PCNs (0.016 −0.075 ng/g). Furthermore, the excellent performance was validated in food samples with recoveries of 76.7–107 % (for PFASs) and 78.0–108 % (for PCNs). This work not only provides a simple and rapid technique for simultaneous monitoring of PFASs and PCNs in food and environmental samples, but also introduces a new idea for the designing novel adsorbents with multiple recognition sites.