The effects of dietary amino acid balance on post-embryonic development in a lubber grasshopper

Abstract

Effects of dietary protein quality on insect development (not just growth) are unclear. Dietary amino acid blends matching yolk proteins support reproduction and juvenile development in Drosophila melanogaster. We matched amino acids to vitellogenin and tested development of juvenile male lubber grasshoppers, which do not produce vitellogenin. Last instars were fed classic dry diets with amino acids substituted for proteins. Matching amino acids to vitellogenin allowed molting to adulthood, while an unmatched isonitrogenous diet did not. Health on dry diets was poor, so we developed wet diets with agar, horse feed, and amino acids. Juveniles fed these diets matched to vitellogenin developed comparably to juveniles fed lettuce. However, wet diets with amino acids dissimilar to vitellogenin (low-quality) slowed development but maintained size at adulthood. We observed no compensatory feeding on low-quality diets. Theory suggests accumulation of proteins permits development. To detect a threshold, we started last juvenile instars on high-quality diets, then abruptly switched them to low-qualities diets. When switched to the poor-quality diet at 6 d, grasshoppers molted at a similar age (∼17 d) to grasshoppers continuously on the high-quality diet. Total hemolymph proteins levels were unaffected by the timing of diet switches. Last, methionine is essential but can be noxious at high levels. Diets with low-quality protein except for methionine slowed growth early but did not alter the time or size at molt. Overall, the feeding threshold is solely due to essential amino acids, and low-quality protein diets slowed development but did not affect adult size.