Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Contact with Bone Substitutes, Porous Zirconia, or Laser-Textured Implant Surfaces: A Detailed Morphological Analysis

Abstract

Abstract The aim of the present study was to perform a detailed morphological analysis of an injectable platelet rich fibrin after combination with two different particulate hydroxyapatite-based granules, a porous zirconia block, and laser-textured zirconia or titanium surfaces. Blood samples were harvested from three participants to prepare the flowable injectable PRF in contact or not with particulate hydroxyapatite (Hap), bone mineral granules (DBBM), porous zirconia blocks, laser-textured titanium or zirconia surfaces. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the fibrin network density, fibrin fibers’ diameter, blood cells, and the interaction of PRF with the biomaterials. Histomorphometry of the flowable PRF was also performed using the hematoxylin–eosin staining protocol. Specimens were independently evaluated by two blinded and well-trained researchers in histomorphometry and microscopy. Particulate Hap and DBBM shown different morphological aspects by SEM analyses since DBBM revealed macro- and micro-scale pores while Hap revealed a dense structure. Hydroxyapatite and DBBM granules were entirely embedded by the fibrin-network in the presence of leukocytes and blood platelets. The zirconia porous structured was filled with PRF and its components. Also, the laser-structured zirconia or implant surfaces were entirely coated with the PRF fibrin network embedding leukocytes and blood platelets. Laser-textured titanium surfaces revealed macro- and micro-scale irregularities that increase the surface area and retention of the injectable PRF. Histomorphometric analyses revealed complementary details on the distribution of lymphocytes, red blood cells, and fibrin associated with platelet aggregation. The flowing and viscosity of an injectable platelet rich fibrin provided an agglomeration of synthetic or xenogeneic particulate bone substitutes and the coating of porous zirconia and textured implant surfaces as inspected by scanning electron microscopy. A cross-linked 3D-fibrin network was noticed involving the particulate bone substitutes and clogging the spaces into porous blocks as well as at macro-/micro-scale valleys on laser-textured implant surfaces. On the reconstruction of larger bone defects, platelet rich fibrin should be mixed with inorganic bone substitutes and implant surfaces to speed up the early events of the bone ingrowth. In addition, the particulate bioactive ceramics, porous zirconia, and textured implant surfaces provide the mechanical stability of the bone tissues and the 3D-fibrin network for further stimulation of osteogenic cells leading to an enhanced bone healing.