Artificial Intelligence and Computational Pathology: A comprehensive review of advancements and applications

Abstract

Abstract Conventional pathology is essential for disease diagnosis, but challenges like inter-observer variability can impact treatment decisions. Immunohistochemistry assays improve patient identification, but advanced quantitative tools are needed for accurate marker quantification and spatial analysis. AI enhances accuracy in pathology by contextualizing spatial data and revolutionizing medicine through advanced data processing and machine learning. Clinical informatics and AI integration advance patient care and open new horizons in pathology. Artificial intelligence (AI) is crucial in pathology, leveraging deep learning techniques to integrate pathological images with radiological, clinical, and genomic data. These pattern recognition methods enhance disease diagnosis and prognosis assessment. This review article provides an overview of AI in pathology, recent advancements, and future prospects. It emphasizes digital pathology, image acquisition, data preprocessing, and feature extraction for AI-driven pathology analysis. A comprehensive analysis of the key findings and outcomes from recent studies incorporating AI in pathology is done. A focus on various applications, including but not limited to cancer diagnosis, grading, and prognosis, as well as the identification of specific tissue patterns and rare diseases. The impact of AI on workflow optimization, quality assurance, and predictive analytics in pathology is also discussed. This section explores the implications and challenges of AI adoption in pathology. We discuss benefits like enhanced accuracy and resource allocation but also cover limitations such as dataset requirements, ethics, interpretability, and regulations. Ongoing research and collaborations aim to address these concerns and ensure responsible AI implementation in pathology.