{"title":"‘It happens in the best families’: gender and family ideologies in Jordanian family-related proverbs","authors":"Doaa K. Riziq, Hana O. Khalil","doi":"10.1080/04308778.2023.2250598","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis study discusses gender and family-related proverbs in Jordanian Arabic (JA). It employs Hofstede’s dimensions of culture, especially the following: power distance, masculinity-femininity, and individualism-collectivism. These concepts help interpret culturally specific meanings in these short sayings. The data contain 100 JA proverbs. They are analysed in light of Hofstede’s model to identify the values inherent in ideas of family, power distribution between family members and gender practices. With reference to literature, the analysis reveals similarities with other cultures in some socio-cultural norms. The study suggests that patriarchal values and norms are widespread across cultures and that proverbs reveal this ideology.KEYWORDS: CulturecollectivismfemininityHofstede’s modelindividualismmasculinitypatriarchy Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1. Anderson, J. A. Book review: Folklore and folklife: An introduction, ed. by awaidhan Richard M. Dorson (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1973), p. 119.2. Mieder, W. ‘Popular Views of the Proverb’. Proverbium, 2 (1985), 119. Mieder, W. Proverbs are never out of season: Popular wisdom in the modern age (Oxford University: Oxford University Press 1993), p.24. Mieder, W. Proverbs: A handbook (London: Greenwood Publishing Group 2004), p. 4. Mieder, W. Proverbs speak louder than words: folk wisdom in art, culture, folklore, history, literature and mass media (New York: Peter Lang 2008), p.11.3. Whiting, B. J. The Nature of the proverb Harvard studies and notes in philology and literature (Harvard University: Harvard University Press 1932), p. 302.4. Norrick, N.R. How proverbs mean? Semantic studies in English proverbs (Amsterdam: Mouton 1985), p. 78.5. Taylor, A. The proverb ; (No. 113) (Harvard University: Harvard University Press 1931).6. Mieder, op.cit., p. 9.7. Lubis, S. ‘The Equivalence and Nonequivalence of Proverbs across Cultures (Indonesian and English)’. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(4) (2018), 253. Rong, H. O. U. ‘Proverbs Reveal Culture Diversity’. Cross-Cultural Communication, 9(2) , 31–35.8. Romanova, T., Evdokimova, O., Zaharova, A., Ivanova, A., & Fedorova, N. ‘The Concept Family in the Russian and Ukrainian Language Culture (Based on Proverbs and Sayings)’ (SHS Web of Conferences, 69. EDP Sciences, 00136, 2019).9. Nelyubova, N. Y., Dugalich, N. M., & Ershov, V. I. ‘Semantic Condensations in French and Russian Proverbs Based on the Thematic Group Family’. RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics, 12 (4) (2021), 1051–1074.10. Degener, A. ‘Family Relationships in Proverbs from Northern Pakistan’. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship, 39(1) (2022), 1–28.11. Al-Amad, H. “صورة المرأة في الأمثال الشعبية الأردنية” The Image of Woman in the Jordanian Folk Sayings’. Dirasat: Human & Social Sciences, 33(2) (2006), 266–284. Alexeeva, T. E. ‘English Proverbs as a Reflection of Social Stereotypes’. Vestnik of Samara University. History, Pedagogics, Philology, 28(3) (2022), 127–135. Rani, U., & Ranjha, M. I. ‘Representation of Men and Women in English Proverbs: Analysis of Power Relationships’. Journal of English Language, Literature and Education, 2(02) (2020), 35–62.12. Radner. J. N, ed., Feminist Messages: Coding in Women’s Folklore (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993).13. Boesen, I. W. ‘Women, Honour and Love: Some Aspects of the Pashtun Woman’s Life in Eastern Afghanistan’. Folk, 21 (1980), 22.14. Rasul, S. ‘Gender and Power Relationships in the Language of Proverbs: Image of a Woman’. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2) (2015), 53–62.15. Jayawardena, H. S. M. M. ‘Women in Proverbs: A Comparative Study in French and Sinhala’. International Journal of Language and Literature, 3(2) (2015), 107–116.16. Buja, E. ‘Proverbs as a Means of Crossing Cultural Borders’. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 10(2) (2018), 85–97.17. Degener, op.cit., pp. 1–28.18. Bishwakarma, G. ‘The Role of Nepalese Proverbs in Perpetuating Gendered Cultural Values’. Advances in Applied Sociology, 10(4) (2020), 103–114.19. Rani, U., & Ranjha, M. I. ‘Representation of Men and Women in English Proverbs: Analysis of Power Relationships’. Journal of English Language, Literature and Education, 2(02) (2020), 35–62.20. Kuttikat, M. A synthesis of studies examining Sri Lankan refugee families in India. in The Routledge Handbook of Refugees in India (India: Routledge India 2022), pp. 655–663.21. Rubab, I., Sadia, S., & Ajmal, M. ‘A Descriptive Study of Gender Inequality in Proverbs of Mewati Language’. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1) (2023), 2152946.22. Buja, op.cit., p. 217.23. Rakhimova, A. E., Mukhamadiarova, A. F., & Tarasova, F. K. ‘Linguistic Band Cultural Characteristics of Proverbs Describing Family Relations in the German Linguistic Picture of the World’. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(6) (2019), 1048–1055.24. Romanova, et al., op.cit., p. 00136.25. Gebeyehu, T. A. ‘The Negative Representation of Women in the Language of Awngi Proverbs’. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(2) (2019), 479–490.26. Ennaji, M. ‘Representations of Women in Moroccan Arabic and Berber Proverbs’. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 190 (2008), 167–181.27. Al-Amad, op.cit., pp. 266–284. Al-Shurufat, S. “صورة المرأة في الأمثال الشعبية الأردنية” ‘The Portrayal of Women in Jordanian Folk Proverbs’. Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines, 7 (2012), 34–41.28. Al-Amad, op.cit., pp. 266–284.29. Al-Shurufat, op.cit., pp. 34–41.30. Al-Zubeidi, A. J. A. (2017). ‘Patriarchal Concepts of Woman in English, and Arabic Proverbs’ (The 18th yearly conference of the College of Basic Education, Iraq).31. Alfaleh, B. A. ‘Translation Quality Assessment of Proverbs from English into Arabic: The Case Study of One Thousand and One English Proverbs Translated into Arabic’. Arab World English Journal, May, (2020), 1–56. Al-khresheh, M. H., & Almaaytah, S. A. ‘English Proverbs into Arabic through Machine Translation’. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 7(5) (2018), 158–166. Farghal, M., & Al-Hamly, M. ‘Arabic Proverbs in Fiction Translation: Girls of Riyadh as an Example’. Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature, 7(1) (2015), 1–20. Shehab, E., & Daragmeh, A. ‘A Context-based Approach to Proverb Translation: The Case of Arabic into English Translation’. Translation Review, 90(1) (2014), pp. 51–68.32. Hofstede, G. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. (London: Sage Publications, 1980). Hofstede, G. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (London: McGraw-Hill, 1991).33. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, J. G., & Minkov, M. Cultures and organizations Software of the mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival (London: McGraw-Hill, 2010), p. 61.34. ibid., p. 61.35. ibid., p. 151.36. ibid., p. 522.37. McSweeney, B. ‘Hofstede’s Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith a Failure of Analysis’. Human relations, 55(1) (2002), 89–118. Podrug, N., Pavičić, J., & Bratić, V. Cross-cultural comparison of Hofstede’s dimensions and decision-making style within CEE context. From transition to sustainable development: The path to European integration (2006), 339–343. Zamanabadi, K. I., Kavousy, E., & Tehrani, M. M. ‘Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and HSE Culture Behaviour’. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 3(1) (2015), 45–49. Satam, H., & Wisam, H. ‘Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions (Masculinity vs. Femininity) And Its Impact on Earnings Management’. Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, 35 (2019), 2887–2899.38. Obeidat, B. Y., Shannak, R. O., Masa’deh, R. E. M. D. T., & Al-Jarrah, I. ‘Toward Better Understanding for Arabian Culture: Implications Based on Hofstede’s Cultural Model’. European Journal of Social Sciences, 28(4) (2012), 512–522.39. Ba-awaidhan, A. G. ‘Culture Diversity in G. Hofstede’s Model with Reference to English-Arabic Proverbs’. in Contacts and Contrasts in Cultures and Languages (2019), pp. 47–63.40. Al-Amad, H. “الأمثال الشعبية الأردنية” Jordanian folk proverbs (Amman: Ministry of Culture and Youth 1978).41. Al-Azizi, R. “معلمة للتراث الأردني” Ma’lama for the Jordanian Heritage (Jordan: Ministry of Culture 2012).42. Farghal, M. “الأمثال الشعبية العربية (بعدسة أردنية)” Arab Popular Proverbs (through a Jordanian Lens) (Jordan: Zamzam 2021).43. Al-Amad, op.cit., pp. 266–284. Al-Shurufat, op.cit., pp. 34–41. Al-Sweerky, M. “صورة المرأة الأردنية ومكانتها في الأمثال الشعبية” The Image of the Jordanian Woman and Her Status in the Folk Proverbs’. Afkar, 369 (2019), 104–111. Shomari, E. “بنائية الجملة في الأمثال الشعبية الأردنية” The Structure of Sentence in the Jordanian Folk Proverbs’. JFABSU (2011), 42–92.44. Lubis, op.cit., p. 253. Rong, op.cit., pp. 31–35.45. Buja, op.cit., pp. 85–97. Romanova, et al., op. cit., p. 00136.46. Boesen, op.cit., p. 22. Ennaji, op.cit., pp. 167–181. Rasul, op.cit., pp. 53–62. Jayawardena, op.cit., pp. 107–116. Bishwakarma, op.cit., pp. 103–114. Degener, op.cit., pp. 1–28.47. Romanova, et al., op.cit., p. 00136. Nelyubova, et al., op.cit., pp.1051–1074. Degener, op.cit., pp. 1–28.Additional informationNotes on contributorsDoaa K. RiziqDoaa K. Riziq earned her PhD degree in Linguistics from the University of Jordan. She has a master’s degree in Applied Linguistics and Teaching English as a Foreign Language from Mutah University, Jordan and a BA degree in Applied English from Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan. She is an assistant professor of Linguistics at Applied Science Private University (Amman, Jordan). Her current research interests are in the field of Psycholinguistics, Cognitive Semantics, Pragmatics, Contrastive Linguistics and Intercultural Communication.Hana O. KhalilHana O. Khalil earned her PhD degree in Arabic Language and Literature from the University of Jordan. Currently, she is an associate Professor at Isra University (Amman, Jordan). Her current research interests are in the field of Arabic Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Diversity, Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication.","PeriodicalId":51989,"journal":{"name":"Folk Life-Journal of Ethnological Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Folk Life-Journal of Ethnological Studies","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04308778.2023.2250598","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"0","JCRName":"FOLKLORE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study discusses gender and family-related proverbs in Jordanian Arabic (JA). It employs Hofstede’s dimensions of culture, especially the following: power distance, masculinity-femininity, and individualism-collectivism. These concepts help interpret culturally specific meanings in these short sayings. The data contain 100 JA proverbs. They are analysed in light of Hofstede’s model to identify the values inherent in ideas of family, power distribution between family members and gender practices. With reference to literature, the analysis reveals similarities with other cultures in some socio-cultural norms. The study suggests that patriarchal values and norms are widespread across cultures and that proverbs reveal this ideology.KEYWORDS: CulturecollectivismfemininityHofstede’s modelindividualismmasculinitypatriarchy Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1. Anderson, J. A. Book review: Folklore and folklife: An introduction, ed. by awaidhan Richard M. Dorson (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1973), p. 119.2. Mieder, W. ‘Popular Views of the Proverb’. Proverbium, 2 (1985), 119. Mieder, W. Proverbs are never out of season: Popular wisdom in the modern age (Oxford University: Oxford University Press 1993), p.24. Mieder, W. Proverbs: A handbook (London: Greenwood Publishing Group 2004), p. 4. Mieder, W. Proverbs speak louder than words: folk wisdom in art, culture, folklore, history, literature and mass media (New York: Peter Lang 2008), p.11.3. Whiting, B. J. The Nature of the proverb Harvard studies and notes in philology and literature (Harvard University: Harvard University Press 1932), p. 302.4. Norrick, N.R. How proverbs mean? Semantic studies in English proverbs (Amsterdam: Mouton 1985), p. 78.5. Taylor, A. The proverb ; (No. 113) (Harvard University: Harvard University Press 1931).6. Mieder, op.cit., p. 9.7. Lubis, S. ‘The Equivalence and Nonequivalence of Proverbs across Cultures (Indonesian and English)’. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(4) (2018), 253. Rong, H. O. U. ‘Proverbs Reveal Culture Diversity’. Cross-Cultural Communication, 9(2) , 31–35.8. Romanova, T., Evdokimova, O., Zaharova, A., Ivanova, A., & Fedorova, N. ‘The Concept Family in the Russian and Ukrainian Language Culture (Based on Proverbs and Sayings)’ (SHS Web of Conferences, 69. EDP Sciences, 00136, 2019).9. Nelyubova, N. Y., Dugalich, N. M., & Ershov, V. I. ‘Semantic Condensations in French and Russian Proverbs Based on the Thematic Group Family’. RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics, 12 (4) (2021), 1051–1074.10. Degener, A. ‘Family Relationships in Proverbs from Northern Pakistan’. Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship, 39(1) (2022), 1–28.11. Al-Amad, H. “صورة المرأة في الأمثال الشعبية الأردنية” The Image of Woman in the Jordanian Folk Sayings’. Dirasat: Human & Social Sciences, 33(2) (2006), 266–284. Alexeeva, T. E. ‘English Proverbs as a Reflection of Social Stereotypes’. Vestnik of Samara University. History, Pedagogics, Philology, 28(3) (2022), 127–135. Rani, U., & Ranjha, M. I. ‘Representation of Men and Women in English Proverbs: Analysis of Power Relationships’. Journal of English Language, Literature and Education, 2(02) (2020), 35–62.12. Radner. J. N, ed., Feminist Messages: Coding in Women’s Folklore (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993).13. Boesen, I. W. ‘Women, Honour and Love: Some Aspects of the Pashtun Woman’s Life in Eastern Afghanistan’. Folk, 21 (1980), 22.14. Rasul, S. ‘Gender and Power Relationships in the Language of Proverbs: Image of a Woman’. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 9(2) (2015), 53–62.15. Jayawardena, H. S. M. M. ‘Women in Proverbs: A Comparative Study in French and Sinhala’. International Journal of Language and Literature, 3(2) (2015), 107–116.16. Buja, E. ‘Proverbs as a Means of Crossing Cultural Borders’. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 10(2) (2018), 85–97.17. Degener, op.cit., pp. 1–28.18. Bishwakarma, G. ‘The Role of Nepalese Proverbs in Perpetuating Gendered Cultural Values’. Advances in Applied Sociology, 10(4) (2020), 103–114.19. Rani, U., & Ranjha, M. I. ‘Representation of Men and Women in English Proverbs: Analysis of Power Relationships’. Journal of English Language, Literature and Education, 2(02) (2020), 35–62.20. Kuttikat, M. A synthesis of studies examining Sri Lankan refugee families in India. in The Routledge Handbook of Refugees in India (India: Routledge India 2022), pp. 655–663.21. Rubab, I., Sadia, S., & Ajmal, M. ‘A Descriptive Study of Gender Inequality in Proverbs of Mewati Language’. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1) (2023), 2152946.22. Buja, op.cit., p. 217.23. Rakhimova, A. E., Mukhamadiarova, A. F., & Tarasova, F. K. ‘Linguistic Band Cultural Characteristics of Proverbs Describing Family Relations in the German Linguistic Picture of the World’. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(6) (2019), 1048–1055.24. Romanova, et al., op.cit., p. 00136.25. Gebeyehu, T. A. ‘The Negative Representation of Women in the Language of Awngi Proverbs’. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 6(2) (2019), 479–490.26. Ennaji, M. ‘Representations of Women in Moroccan Arabic and Berber Proverbs’. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 190 (2008), 167–181.27. Al-Amad, op.cit., pp. 266–284. Al-Shurufat, S. “صورة المرأة في الأمثال الشعبية الأردنية” ‘The Portrayal of Women in Jordanian Folk Proverbs’. Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines, 7 (2012), 34–41.28. Al-Amad, op.cit., pp. 266–284.29. Al-Shurufat, op.cit., pp. 34–41.30. Al-Zubeidi, A. J. A. (2017). ‘Patriarchal Concepts of Woman in English, and Arabic Proverbs’ (The 18th yearly conference of the College of Basic Education, Iraq).31. Alfaleh, B. A. ‘Translation Quality Assessment of Proverbs from English into Arabic: The Case Study of One Thousand and One English Proverbs Translated into Arabic’. Arab World English Journal, May, (2020), 1–56. Al-khresheh, M. H., & Almaaytah, S. A. ‘English Proverbs into Arabic through Machine Translation’. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 7(5) (2018), 158–166. Farghal, M., & Al-Hamly, M. ‘Arabic Proverbs in Fiction Translation: Girls of Riyadh as an Example’. Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature, 7(1) (2015), 1–20. Shehab, E., & Daragmeh, A. ‘A Context-based Approach to Proverb Translation: The Case of Arabic into English Translation’. Translation Review, 90(1) (2014), pp. 51–68.32. Hofstede, G. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. (London: Sage Publications, 1980). Hofstede, G. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (London: McGraw-Hill, 1991).33. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, J. G., & Minkov, M. Cultures and organizations Software of the mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival (London: McGraw-Hill, 2010), p. 61.34. ibid., p. 61.35. ibid., p. 151.36. ibid., p. 522.37. McSweeney, B. ‘Hofstede’s Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith a Failure of Analysis’. Human relations, 55(1) (2002), 89–118. Podrug, N., Pavičić, J., & Bratić, V. Cross-cultural comparison of Hofstede’s dimensions and decision-making style within CEE context. From transition to sustainable development: The path to European integration (2006), 339–343. Zamanabadi, K. I., Kavousy, E., & Tehrani, M. M. ‘Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and HSE Culture Behaviour’. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 3(1) (2015), 45–49. Satam, H., & Wisam, H. ‘Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions (Masculinity vs. Femininity) And Its Impact on Earnings Management’. Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, 35 (2019), 2887–2899.38. Obeidat, B. Y., Shannak, R. O., Masa’deh, R. E. M. D. T., & Al-Jarrah, I. ‘Toward Better Understanding for Arabian Culture: Implications Based on Hofstede’s Cultural Model’. European Journal of Social Sciences, 28(4) (2012), 512–522.39. Ba-awaidhan, A. G. ‘Culture Diversity in G. Hofstede’s Model with Reference to English-Arabic Proverbs’. in Contacts and Contrasts in Cultures and Languages (2019), pp. 47–63.40. Al-Amad, H. “الأمثال الشعبية الأردنية” Jordanian folk proverbs (Amman: Ministry of Culture and Youth 1978).41. Al-Azizi, R. “معلمة للتراث الأردني” Ma’lama for the Jordanian Heritage (Jordan: Ministry of Culture 2012).42. Farghal, M. “الأمثال الشعبية العربية (بعدسة أردنية)” Arab Popular Proverbs (through a Jordanian Lens) (Jordan: Zamzam 2021).43. Al-Amad, op.cit., pp. 266–284. Al-Shurufat, op.cit., pp. 34–41. Al-Sweerky, M. “صورة المرأة الأردنية ومكانتها في الأمثال الشعبية” The Image of the Jordanian Woman and Her Status in the Folk Proverbs’. Afkar, 369 (2019), 104–111. Shomari, E. “بنائية الجملة في الأمثال الشعبية الأردنية” The Structure of Sentence in the Jordanian Folk Proverbs’. JFABSU (2011), 42–92.44. Lubis, op.cit., p. 253. Rong, op.cit., pp. 31–35.45. Buja, op.cit., pp. 85–97. Romanova, et al., op. cit., p. 00136.46. Boesen, op.cit., p. 22. Ennaji, op.cit., pp. 167–181. Rasul, op.cit., pp. 53–62. Jayawardena, op.cit., pp. 107–116. Bishwakarma, op.cit., pp. 103–114. Degener, op.cit., pp. 1–28.47. Romanova, et al., op.cit., p. 00136. Nelyubova, et al., op.cit., pp.1051–1074. Degener, op.cit., pp. 1–28.Additional informationNotes on contributorsDoaa K. RiziqDoaa K. Riziq earned her PhD degree in Linguistics from the University of Jordan. She has a master’s degree in Applied Linguistics and Teaching English as a Foreign Language from Mutah University, Jordan and a BA degree in Applied English from Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan. She is an assistant professor of Linguistics at Applied Science Private University (Amman, Jordan). Her current research interests are in the field of Psycholinguistics, Cognitive Semantics, Pragmatics, Contrastive Linguistics and Intercultural Communication.Hana O. KhalilHana O. Khalil earned her PhD degree in Arabic Language and Literature from the University of Jordan. Currently, she is an associate Professor at Isra University (Amman, Jordan). Her current research interests are in the field of Arabic Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Diversity, Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication.
期刊介绍:
Folk Life: Journal of Ethnological Studies is a journal devoted to the study of all aspects of traditional ways of life in Great Britain and Ireland. The journal publishes original, high quality, peer-reviewed research in the form of unsolicited articles, solicited papers (which are usually selected from those read at the Society"s annual conference) and of members" papers (which are usually short reports of work in progress). Work published in Folk Life may include, for example, papers dealing with the traditional ways of life of other countries and regions, which may be compared to or contrasted with those of Great Britain and Ireland.