Neither individualism nor anti-individualism: The coevolution of social systems and psychic systems

IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL
Jean-Sébastien Guy
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Abstract

Major paradigms in sociology and social sciences usually embrace either individualism or anti-individualism as fundamental worldview. This paper explores a third way between individualism and anti-individualism developed by German sociologist Niklas Luhmann in his systems theory. Luhmann treats actors or individuals as psychic systems and he distinguishes them from social systems. In a nutshell, social systems produce communication, whereas psychic systems produce consciousness. In line with anti-individualism, Luhmann therefore argues that social systems are irreducible to psychic systems and their actions. On the other hand, Luhmann joins ranks with individualism to assert that psychic systems are not rigorously constrained by social systems. Ultimately, Luhmann explains that social systems and psychic systems are part of each other's environment and that each type of systems provides the ecological conditions that the other type depends on to emerge and grow. To discuss this third way between individualism and anti-individualism, the paper examines more specifically two central points in Luhmann's theory: (1) how social systems and psychic systems are separated from each other, and (2) how social systems and psychic systems are coevolving.

既不是个人主义,也不是反个人主义:社会系统与心理系统的共同进化
社会学和社会科学的主要范式通常将个人主义或反个人主义作为基本世界观。本文探讨了德国社会学家尼克拉斯-卢曼(Niklas Luhmann)在其系统理论中提出的介于个人主义与反个人主义之间的第三条道路。卢曼将行动者或个人视为心理系统,并将其与社会系统区分开来。简而言之,社会系统产生交流,而心理系统产生意识。因此,根据反个体主义的观点,卢曼认为社会系统不可还原为心理系统及其行为。另一方面,卢曼与个人主义联合起来,主张心理系统并不严格受制于社会系统。最终,卢曼解释说,社会系统和心理系统是彼此环境的一部分,每一类系统都提供了生态条件,而另一类系统则依赖于这些条件才能出现和成长。为了讨论这种介于个人主义和反个人主义之间的第三条道路,本文更具体地研究了卢曼理论中的两个核心要点:(1) 社会系统和心理系统如何相互分离,以及 (2) 社会系统和心理系统如何共同发展。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
14.30%
发文量
36
期刊介绍: The Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour publishes original theoretical and methodological articles that examine the links between social structures and human agency embedded in behavioural practices. The Journal is truly unique in focusing first and foremost on social behaviour, over and above any disciplinary or local framing of such behaviour. In so doing, it embraces a range of theoretical orientations and, by requiring authors to write for a wide audience, the Journal is distinctively interdisciplinary and accessible to readers world-wide in the fields of psychology, sociology and philosophy.
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