Different groundwater behaviour in deep karst boreholes: the case of Jadro spring basin (Dinaric karst, Croatia)

IF 0.8 Q4 WATER RESOURCES
Ognjen Bonacci, Tanja Roje-Bonacci, Adrijana Vrsalović
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Abstract

The paper analyzes the data of groundwater level (GWL), groundwater temperature (TW), and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements in three deep piezometers (B1, B2, B3) in the Jadro spring basin, taken from October 2010 to December 2021. The variation of these parameters is analyzed at different time scales: annually, monthly, daily (24 hours), and hourly. They are compared with the data of the same parameters measured at the Jadro Spring. The analysis of the maximum observed rise and fall rates of the GWL showed that the piezometers were drilled in very different karst environments. Piezometer B1 is located in a karst matrix where the water flows predominantly in a diffuse laminar (slow-flow) regime. Piezometers B2 and B3 are located in a fault line where numerous large karst underground formations occur and rapid turbulent water flow takes place. The mean annual flows of the Jadro Spring strongly depend on the mean annual GWL-s in each of the piezometers. For much of the year (about 99%), the GWL in all three piezometers is more than 210 m below the ground surface. As the measuring sensors are located near the bottom of the piezometers, the groundwater temperature is almost stagnant. It is always at 12.5 ºC in piezometer B1 and behaves almost identically in piezometer B3. Water temperature is the highest in piezometer B2 and hovers around the average value of 13.5 ºC. At the Jadro Spring, the average water temperature is 12.95 ºC. The electrical conductivity values are the highest in piezometers B2 and B3, with an average of around 0.5 mS/cm. They are lower in piezometer B1, where they range around an average value of 0.465 mS/cm, while at the Jadro Spring, they vary from 0.40 mS/cm to 0.48 mS/cm, with an average value of 0.44 mS/cm. A distinct seasonal pattern in groundwater level behavior is evident across all piezometers. However, no discernible upward or downward trend is observed.
岩溶深孔中地下水的不同行为:以克罗地亚Dinaric岩溶地区Jadro泉盆地为例
本文分析了2010年10月至2021年12月Jadro泉盆地3个深层压力计(B1、B2、B3)的地下水位(GWL)、地下水温度(TW)和电导率(EC)测量数据。在不同的时间尺度上分析这些参数的变化:年、月、日(24小时)和小时。将它们与在Jadro泉上测量的相同参数的数据进行了比较。对最大观测到的GWL上升和下降速率的分析表明,在非常不同的岩溶环境中钻取了压计。压力计B1位于喀斯特基质中,其中水主要以扩散层流(慢流)形式流动。B2和B3压力表位于断层线上,那里有大量的大型岩溶地下构造,并发生快速的湍流水流。Jadro泉的年平均流量在很大程度上取决于每个压计的年平均GWL-s。在一年中的大部分时间里(约99%),三个气压计的GWL都在地表以下210米以上。由于测量传感器位于压力表底部附近,地下水温度几乎是静止的。它在压力计B1中始终处于12.5℃,在压力计B3中表现几乎相同。B2压力表的水温最高,在平均值13.5℃左右徘徊。在Jadro泉,平均水温为12.95℃。压电计B2和B3的电导率值最高,平均约为0.5 mS/cm。它们在B1压力表中较低,其平均值约为0.465 mS/cm,而在Jadro Spring中,它们在0.40 mS/cm至0.48 mS/cm之间变化,平均值为0.44 mS/cm。在所有的气压计中,地下水水位表现出明显的季节性特征。然而,没有观察到明显的上升或下降趋势。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.80
自引率
50.00%
发文量
36
审稿时长
8 weeks
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