Short- and long-term effects of emotion up- and down-regulation

Kersten Diers, Anne Gärtner, Sabine Schönfeld, Denise Dörfel, Henrik Walter, Burkhard Brocke, Alexander Strobel
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Abstract

Abstract It is an open question in cognitive emotion regulation research how emotion regulation unfolds over time, and whether the brain regions involved in down-regulation are also recruited during up-regulation of emotions. As a replication and extension of our preceding study, we conducted an fMRI study in young healthy adults on the neural basis of up- and down-regulation of negative and neutral pictures during the immediate stimulation phase as well as after short- and long-term delays (N=47 for immediate and short-term delays, a subset of N=30 for long-term delays). For this, we employed three experimental conditions—down-regulation (distance), maintenance (permit), and up-regulation (intensify)—for negative and neutral pictures, and investigated the neural responses during the stimulation and post-stimulation phase as well as during re-exposure after 10 min and after 1 week. We observed the following main results: first, we found greater activation in emotion-generating regions such as the amygdala in the permit vs. distance and the intensify vs. distance comparisons, but not in the intensify vs. permit comparison. Second, we observed greater activation in emotion-regulating regions such as the right inferior parietal and right superior / middle frontal cortex in the distance vs. permit and the distance vs. intensify contrasts, but not the permit vs. intensify contrast. Third, we found that the activation difference between distance and intensify within the amygdala reversed after the regulation period. Fourth, previous emotion regulation did not influence the activation during re-exposure, neither after 10 min nor after 1 week. Taken together, the results provide a partial replication of persistent effects observed in our preceding study, indicate different neural systems for up- and down-regulation, and demonstrate that a broader perspective on emotion regulation can be achieved by simultaneously considering different goals, directions, and strategies of emotion regulation in a single experiment.
情绪上下调节的短期和长期影响
情绪调节是如何随着时间的推移而展开的,参与下调的脑区是否也在情绪上调过程中被招募,这是认知情绪调节研究中的一个开放性问题。作为我们之前研究的复制和延伸,我们在年轻健康成人中进行了一项fMRI研究,研究了即时刺激阶段以及短期和长期延迟(N=47,长期延迟N=30)后负性和中性图像的神经上调和下调。为此,我们采用下调(距离)、维持(允许)和上调(强化)三种实验条件对负性和中性图片进行实验,并研究了刺激和刺激后阶段以及10分钟和1周后再次暴露时的神经反应。我们观察到以下主要结果:首先,我们发现在允许与距离比较和强化与距离比较中,杏仁核等情绪产生区域的激活程度更高,但在强化与允许比较中则没有。其次,我们观察到在距离对比与允许对比、距离对比与强化对比中,情绪调节区域(如右侧顶叶下皮层和右侧额叶上/中皮层)的激活程度更高,而在允许对比与强化对比中则没有。第三,我们发现杏仁核内距离和强度之间的激活差异在调节期后逆转。第四,先前的情绪调节不影响再暴露时的激活,在10分钟和1周后都没有。综上所述,本研究结果部分重复了我们之前研究中观察到的持续效应,表明了不同的神经系统对情绪的向上和向下调节,并证明了在单一实验中同时考虑不同的情绪调节目标、方向和策略可以获得更广阔的情绪调节视角。
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