Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin B1 as Factors of Bone Damage and Neurodegeneration Through the Influence on the Immunomodulation Processes of TNF-α and IL-6 Concentrations

Abstract

Abstract The wide distribution of mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, in the environment and their influence on living organisms make them an interesting research problem. Numerous complications of intoxication with these substances are known, however, particular attention is paid to the effects on the skeletal and nervous systems. The inflammatory effect, presented by the increase in the concentration of cytokines - IL-6 and TNF-α may influence the immune dysregulation present in bone metabolism disorders, as well as in neurodegeneration. Mycotoxins also contribute to osteodegeneration by modifying vitamin D metabolism. Interestingly, and still unexplored, is the mechanism of intrauterine influence on bone metabolism and neurodegeneration processes. Understanding the above mechanisms may help in monitoring the toxic effects of intoxication with these toxins. It can also help develop methods of therapy for poisoning with this compound, in animals and humans.