Indoor photovoltaic energy harvesting for mm-scale systems

A. Teran, M. Dejarld, Jinyoung Hwang, Wootaek Lim, Joeson Wong, D. Blaauw, Yoonmyung Lee, J. Millunchick, J. Phillips
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引用次数: 6

Abstract

Low power electronic circuitry, including wirelessly interconnected sensor nodes, is a transformational technology that can be applied to a broad range of applications. These low power systems still require electrical power, ideally from ambient energy sources. Ambient sources of light can provide sufficient energy for these applications. Stray sunlight is more than adequate, though it is not available in all locations. Indoor lighting may also provide a sufficient energy source, though the characteristics of the spectrum are significantly different than the solar spectrum, where irradiance is confined to a narrower window in the visible spectrum. Energy-autonomous operation in mm-scale sensors have been achieved using photovoltaics based on silicon CMOS [1,2]. Improvements in energy harvesting are necessary to increase the duty cycle of the microsystem and to facilitate wireless transceivers. Photovoltaic cells consisting of materials with larger bandgap energy, such as GaAs, provide a better match to the indoor light spectrum, reducing thermalization losses and increasing power generation. The larger voltage provided by higher bandgap materials such as GaAs can also improve the efficiency of the overall system, where higher voltages are beneficial for the battery storage system and DC-DC converter. While the cost of GaAs photovoltaics is significantly higher than for silicon, and is currently prohibitive for large area solar energy production, the small power requirements and associated size requirements for photovoltaic cells makes GaAs an affordable option. Requirements for active and standby power are 10μW and 0.5nW, respectively[1,2], where perpetual operation may be achieved using a photovoltaic cell with area on the order of 1 mm2.
毫米级系统的室内光伏能量收集
低功耗电子电路,包括无线连接的传感器节点,是一种可应用于广泛应用的变革性技术。这些低功率系统仍然需要电力,最好是来自环境能源。环境光源可以为这些应用提供足够的能量。虽然不是在所有地方都能得到,但散射的阳光还是绰绰有余。室内照明也可以提供足够的能量来源,尽管光谱的特征与太阳光谱明显不同,太阳光谱的辐照度被限制在可见光谱中较窄的窗口内。利用基于硅CMOS的光伏电池已经实现了毫米级传感器的能量自主操作[1,2]。为了增加微系统的占空比和方便无线收发器,能量收集的改进是必要的。由具有更大带隙能量的材料组成的光伏电池,如GaAs,可以更好地匹配室内光谱,减少热化损失并增加发电量。GaAs等高带隙材料提供的更高电压也可以提高整个系统的效率,其中更高的电压有利于电池存储系统和DC-DC变换器。虽然砷化镓光伏电池的成本明显高于硅,并且目前对大面积太阳能生产是禁止的,但光伏电池的小功率要求和相关尺寸要求使砷化镓成为一种负担得起的选择。主备功率要求分别为10μW和0.5nW[1,2],其中使用面积约为1 mm2的光伏电池可以实现永久工作。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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