Monkeypox: A Global Challenge

Abstract

Monkeypox has emerged as the most significant human pathogen in recent times and is a rapidly growing threat to public health globally. Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus, that belongs to the Poxviridae family. The smallpox virus also belongs to this family. Monkeypox virus, endemic to Central and West Africa can infect various animal species but can also transmit to humans. Monkeypox viruses circulate among wild animals and usually spread to people when they eat or have other close contacts with infected animals. Getting bitten or scratched by the infected animal, direct contact with its bodily fluids, blood, blisters or scabs; indirect contact with lesion material, e.g. contaminated bedding, linens and even eating the undercooked animal infected with monkeypox, could result in transmission. Among humans, Monkeypox is contracted through close physical contact, and contact with contaminated materials. Monkeypox presents with fever, headaches, myalgia, and enlarged lymph nodes. This is followed by a rash that starts from mouth to face and spreads to the trunk and arms. The illness is usually mild and patients fully recover within four weeks. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is the primary diagnostic tool for detection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred method for NAT. Treatment is mainly supportive and is directed to alleviate symptoms, prevent long-term sequelae and mitigate disease spread. Patients require isolation and symptomatic care. The smallpox vaccine, antiviral agents and vaccinia immunoglobulin (VIG) have been used in earlier outbreaks but sufficient evidence to recommend their use is still lacking.