Climate Change and Rice Production: Adaptation Strategies and Capacity

R. Afroz, Rulia Akhtar
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Climate change has the potential to \nsignificantly diminish agricultural output, impacting rural per capita income and poverty levels. \nFarmers' perceptions of the issue, as well as their responses to it, are critical for successful climate \nchange adaptation. Much of Malaysian climate change research focuses on the consequences of \nclimate change, historical and future trends, with agriculture accounting for a significant percentage of \nthe research. The importance of agriculture as a key contributor to national Gross Domestic Product \n(GDP) is one possible reason why climate change implications on agriculture have garnered so much \nattention in Malaysia. But unfortunately, they did not consider so much the adaptation barriers, \nstrategies and capacity to climate risks among rice farmers in Malaysia, who are equally vulnerable to \nthe impacts of climate change. \nOne could wonder what effect climate change is having on rice farmers' poverty. 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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Malaysia became a wealthy, urbanised, and industrialised country during the next three and a half decades as a consequence of fast economic development and structural changes. Farmers in rural Malaysia, on the other hand, continue to suffer from poverty. As a consequence, farmers account for the majority of Malaysia's poor. The gap between those who are poor in rural regions and those who are poor in cities is increasing, requiring action. As a matter of fact, it appears that focusing on farms is essential in alleviating rural poverty. Due to their reliance on agricultural output for a living, farmers have been designated as the most susceptible population to climate change. Small- scale farms are the more vulnerable to climate change than large-scale farms. Climate change has the potential to significantly diminish agricultural output, impacting rural per capita income and poverty levels. Farmers' perceptions of the issue, as well as their responses to it, are critical for successful climate change adaptation. Much of Malaysian climate change research focuses on the consequences of climate change, historical and future trends, with agriculture accounting for a significant percentage of the research. The importance of agriculture as a key contributor to national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one possible reason why climate change implications on agriculture have garnered so much attention in Malaysia. But unfortunately, they did not consider so much the adaptation barriers, strategies and capacity to climate risks among rice farmers in Malaysia, who are equally vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. One could wonder what effect climate change is having on rice farmers' poverty. Are farmers aware of climate change's consequences? Are they equipped to handle the situation? What is the extent of their adaptability? What problems do they encounter in terms of adaptability, and how do they deal with them? What alternatives do they have for coping with climate change adaptation? Therefore, this study attempts to fill in the gap by examining the economic impact of climate change on farmer poverty in Kedah and the factors that influence farmers' adaptation decisions and their willingness to pay (WTP) for crop insurance in order to adapt to climate change. Furthermore, this study attempted to investigate the difficulties that farmers face in their adaptation process, and a policy-relevant integrated environmental protection waqf model is presented to assist farmers in overcoming these obstacles. The farmers' willingness to accept the suggested model is also evaluated in order to validate the concept. Overall, this book utilises Kedah as a case study to illustrate farmers' perceptions of climate change, adaptation hurdles, techniques, and possible remedies, both traditional and Islamic. Paddy production by Malaysian farmers supplied 70% of the country's consumption demands, with half of the supply coming from the state of Kedah, also known as Malaysia's rice bowl. One of the study's drawbacks is that it will not cover the full country of Malaysia. There are eight chapters in this book. The introduction, significance of the study, methodology, as well as its importance and limits, are all covered in the first chapter. The second chapter's goal is to assess the economic effects of climate change on rice farmers' poverty. The study's goal was achieved through the use of a logit model. The findings revealed that education had a substantial influence on poverty. In rural Malaysia, farm size, labour costs, and temperature all have a major impact on poverty levels. The third chapter looks at how farmers perceive adaptation strategies and the challenges they face. The study's objectives were met using the weighted average index (WAI) and the problem confrontation index (PCI). The results of the WAI analysis showed that the farmers ranked improved irrigation as the most important adaptation strategies. The PCI analysis showed that high cost of farm inputs, unpredictable weather, lack of water resources, lack of timely weather information and lack of access to credit facilities were the most serious barriers faced by the farmers. The purpose of Chapter four is to investigate the factors which affect farmers' choice about climate change adaptation strategies. In this study, a logit model was used to identify the characteristics that influence farmers' choice of climate change adaptation strategies. Access to extension, income, understanding of climate change, household size, and farm size all impact whether rice farmers employ adaptation strategies.
气候变化与水稻生产:适应战略和能力
在接下来的35年里,由于经济的快速发展和结构的变化,马来西亚成为了一个富裕、城市化和工业化的国家。另一方面,马来西亚农村的农民继续遭受贫困。因此,农民占马来西亚贫困人口的大多数。农村贫困人口与城市贫困人口之间的差距正在扩大,需要采取行动。事实上,把重点放在农场上似乎对减轻农村贫困至关重要。由于农民依赖农业产出为生,他们被认为是最易受气候变化影响的人群。小规模农场比大型农场更容易受到气候变化的影响。气候变化有可能显著减少农业产出,影响农村人均收入和贫困水平。农民对这一问题的认识以及他们对这一问题的反应,对于成功地适应气候变化至关重要。马来西亚的许多气候变化研究集中在气候变化的后果、历史和未来趋势上,农业占了研究的很大比例。农业作为国民生产总值(GDP)的重要贡献者,其重要性可能是气候变化对农业的影响在马来西亚获得如此多关注的一个原因。但不幸的是,他们没有考虑到马来西亚稻农对气候风险的适应障碍、策略和能力,马来西亚稻农同样容易受到气候变化的影响。人们可能想知道气候变化对稻农的贫困有什么影响。农民意识到气候变化的后果了吗?他们有能力处理这种情况吗?它们的适应能力有多大?他们在适应性方面遇到了什么问题,他们是如何处理这些问题的?他们有什么替代方案来应对气候变化适应?因此,本研究试图通过考察气候变化对吉打州农民贫困的经济影响,以及影响农民适应决策和为适应气候变化而支付作物保险的意愿(WTP)的因素来填补这一空白。此外,本研究试图探讨农民在适应过程中面临的困难,并提出了一个与政策相关的综合环境保护waqf模型,以帮助农民克服这些障碍。为了验证这一概念,还评估了农民接受建议模型的意愿。总的来说,这本书利用吉打州作为一个案例研究,说明农民对气候变化的看法,适应障碍,技术,以及可能的补救措施,传统和伊斯兰教。马来西亚农民生产的水稻满足了该国70%的消费需求,其中一半来自吉打州,也被称为马来西亚的饭碗。这项研究的缺点之一是它不会覆盖整个马来西亚。这本书有八章。第一章介绍了本文的绪论、研究意义、研究方法以及研究的重要性和局限性。第二章的目标是评估气候变化对稻农贫困的经济影响。该研究的目标是通过使用logit模型来实现的。调查结果显示,教育对贫困有重大影响。在马来西亚农村,农场规模、劳动力成本和温度都对贫困水平有重大影响。第三章探讨农民如何看待适应战略及其面临的挑战。采用加权平均指数(WAI)和问题对抗指数(PCI)达到研究目标。WAI分析结果显示,农民将改善灌溉列为最重要的适应策略。PCI分析显示,农业投入成本高、天气不可预测、缺乏水资源、缺乏及时的天气信息和无法获得信贷设施是农民面临的最严重障碍。第四章的目的是研究影响农民气候变化适应策略选择的因素。本研究采用logit模型识别影响农民气候变化适应策略选择的特征。获得推广、收入、对气候变化的理解、家庭规模和农场规模都会影响稻农是否采取适应策略。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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