Białorusini na tle procesów narodotwórczych społeczeństw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

Ryszard Radzik
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Abstract

Belarus Vis a Vis Nation-Building Processes in Central and East European CommunitiesThe text explores the nation-building factors that determined the intensity with which certain nations in Central and East Europe were formed in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century – with some reference to their contemporary situation, especially of today’s Belarus. In addition to Belarus, the analyses also briefly cover nation-building processes in Ukraine (Galicia and Dnieper Ukraine), Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Three categories of factors that are crucial for the processes under discussion have already been distinguished – namely civilization, culture and politics. All three types decisively benefited the Czechs, who succeeded in developing nation-building processes the soonest; the Czechs, among all the other nations in the region, thus first acquired a national awareness at the popular level. On the contrary, the above-mentioned factors did not work to the benefit of the Belarussians and Dnieper Ukrainians. The territories they inhabited were very weakly industrialized and urbanized, while their languages differed from Russian and Polish much less than was the case, on the one hand, of the Slovaks and Czechs, and on the other, of the Hungarians and Austrians (Germans). At the same time, Russian policies obviously hampered the formation of the Belarussian and Ukrainian nations. This article shows the strength with which objective conditions exerted an influence on nation-building processes in our part of the continent.
白俄罗斯:中欧和东欧共同体的国家建设过程本文探讨了决定19世纪和20世纪初中欧和东欧某些国家形成的强度的国家建设因素,并参考了它们的当代情况,特别是今天的白俄罗斯。除白俄罗斯外,分析还简要介绍了乌克兰(加利西亚和第聂伯河乌克兰)、斯洛伐克和捷克共和国的国家建设进程。已经区分了对正在讨论的进程至关重要的三类因素- -即文明、文化和政治。所有这三种类型都使捷克人受益匪浅,他们成功地以最快的速度发展了国家建设进程;因此,在该区域所有其他国家中,捷克人首先在民众一级获得了民族意识。相反,上述因素并没有对白俄罗斯人和第聂伯河的乌克兰人有利。他们居住的地区工业化和城市化程度非常弱,而他们的语言与俄语和波兰语的差异要小得多,一方面是斯洛伐克人和捷克人,另一方面是匈牙利人和奥地利人(德国人)。与此同时,俄罗斯的政策显然阻碍了白俄罗斯和乌克兰民族的形成。这篇文章显示了客观条件对非洲大陆我们这一地区的国家建设进程产生影响的力量。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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