Francisella tularensis: a zoonotic pathogen among wild rodents and arthropods - a possible threat in future

M. Priyantha
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Abstract

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus and an aerobic bacterium. It causes a zoonotic disease called tularemia in humans. Four subspecies have been found in F. tularensis as F. tularensis subsp. Tularensis (Type A strains), F. tularensis subsp. Holarctica (Type B strains), F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica, and F. tularensis subsp. Novicida. Rearing rabbits and different kinds of rodents as pets are becoming popular in Sri Lanka, veterinarians need to be knowledgeable on emerging pathogens such as F. tularensis, to diagnose the disease within a short time. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to update veterinarians on possible emerging infections to improve the health of pets and to minimize possible zoonotic infections. The clinical outcome caused by Francisella is a debilitating febrile disease in humans. Francisella has been isolated from hundreds of animal species in the world. Being a diverse host range, associated ecological factors relating transmission of Francisella in the environment is largely unknown. F. tularensis type A was reported to be common in North America while occasionally found in Europe. Type B was found commonly in the Northern hemisphere and in Australia. Tularemia is a sporadic disease, and a small infectious dose is required for an infection in humans. The clinical signs and symptoms of tularaemia depend on the route of infection. Six types of clinical forms were identified as ulceroglandular, glandular, oropharyngeal, oculoglandular, pneumonic and typhoidal in humans. Diagnosis of tularemia in humans is based on epidemiology, clinical findings and laboratory confirmation. Microagglutination test, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay ELISA are widely used as diagnostic tests. Several conventional and qPCR have been optimized to detect the organism in clinical samples. Antimicrobials such as aminoglycosides, tetracycline, quinolones, and chloramphenicol were used to minimize clinical complications. Utilization of treated water, usage of gloves on handling wild rabbits and rodents, thorough cooking of bush meat, usage of insect repellents, protection of stored food from rodents, wearing masks, ticks-free clothes, keeping away from weeds, cleaning pets from external parasites have been identified as the main preventive strategies against tularaemia in human. No commercial vaccine is found in the market yet against F. tularensis. This can be an emerging and threatening disease in the future with ongoing changes in arthropod parasites in the ecosystem followed by climatic changes in the world.
土拉弗朗西斯菌:野生啮齿动物和节肢动物之间的人畜共患病原体-未来可能的威胁
土拉菌是一种革兰氏阴性球芽孢杆菌和需氧细菌。它会在人类中引起一种叫做兔热病的人畜共患疾病。在土拉菌中发现了4个亚种作为土拉菌亚种。土拉菌(A型菌株),土拉菌亚种。全北极菌(B型菌株),土拉菌亚种。和土拉菌亚种。Novicida。在斯里兰卡,饲养兔子和不同种类的啮齿动物作为宠物越来越受欢迎,兽医需要了解诸如土拉菌病等新出现的病原体,以便在短时间内诊断出这种疾病。因此,本文的目的是更新兽医可能出现的感染,以改善宠物的健康,并尽量减少可能的人畜共患感染。由弗朗西斯菌引起的临床结果是一种使人衰弱的发热性疾病。Francisella已经从世界上数百种动物物种中分离出来。由于宿主范围多样,与弗朗西斯菌在环境中传播相关的生态因素在很大程度上是未知的。据报道,A型土拉菌在北美很常见,偶尔在欧洲发现。B型通常在北半球和澳大利亚发现。土拉菌病是一种散发性疾病,在人类感染时需要很小的传染剂量。土拉菌病的临床体征和症状取决于感染途径。在人类中确定了6种临床形式:腺溃疡、腺溃疡、口咽溃疡、眼腺溃疡、肺炎和伤寒。人间土拉菌病的诊断是基于流行病学、临床发现和实验室确认。微凝集试验、间接免疫荧光法(IFA)和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)被广泛用作诊断试验。几种常规和qPCR已被优化用于检测临床样品中的生物体。抗菌药物如氨基糖苷类、四环素、喹诺酮类和氯霉素被用于减少临床并发症。利用处理过的水、在处理野兔和啮齿动物时使用手套、彻底煮熟丛林肉、使用驱虫剂、保护储存的食物不受啮齿动物的侵害、戴口罩、穿无蜱的衣服、远离杂草、使宠物远离外部寄生虫等已被确定为预防人类土拉菌病的主要策略。市场上还没有发现针对土拉菌病的商业疫苗。随着生态系统中节肢动物寄生虫的持续变化以及世界气候的变化,这在未来可能成为一种新出现的威胁性疾病。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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