Quality of service in Plug-in Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure

Abstract

Electrification of transportation is offering reduced vehicle emissions and operating costs in addition to increased energy-independence. Electric cars are anticipated to be adopted as passenger vehicles and in commercial fleets in the near future. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) can drive on battery up to few hundred miles with the current battery technologies. Depleting PHEV batteries are charged from the power grid either with a Level 1 or Level 2 charger where the latter delivers more power than the former. Despite the advantages of PHEVs, charging several PHEVs simultaneously from the same distribution system may cause local outages due to transformer overloading. Thus, PHEV charging infrastructure calls for admission control schemes that operate on the smart grid. It is also essential to provide service differentiation to increase consumer satisfaction. In this paper, we propose a Quality of Service (QoS)-aware admission control scheme for the PHEV charging infrastructure. Our scheme operates on the Energy Management System (EMS) of the smart grid distribution system. The proposed approach relies on a wireless communication network that delivers the demands of PHEVs to the EMS and delivers the admission decisions of EMS to PHEVs. In our admission control scheme, PHEV owners who are willing to pay more can charge faster than the “best-effort” users similar to the Internet traffic service differentiation mechanisms. We provide mathematical analysis and simulation results for the proposed scheme. We show that high priority PHEVs are supplied with higher power rating, hence they are able to charge faster than low priority PHEVs.