Design techniques for remote frequency calibration of passive wireless microsystems

Abstract

This paper provides an overview and in-depth examination of the state-of-the-art of remote frequency calibration of the system clock of passive wireless microsystems. Frequency calibration using the carrier and the envelope of received RF signals, frequency calibration using injection-locked division, carrier injection-locking, digital trimming, envelope injection-locking with integrating feedback are investigated. The advantages and design constraints of each frequency calibration method are examined in detail. The performance of these frequency calibration methods are compared.