Conopidae larvae (Diptera: Conopidae) as endoparasitoids of Aculeata

Abstract

Conopid larvae are internal parasitoids, most are parasitoids of Hymenoptera, particularly those of the Aculeata group, wasps and bees and orthopterans. Adult females are aggressive when attacking their hosts in flight to lay their eggs. The abdomen of the females is modified, it is like a can opener with which they can separate the segments of the abdomen of their victims to insert an egg. The subfamily Stylogastrinae, including the genus Stylogaster, is somewhat different. The egg is shaped like a harpoon, capable of piercing the host's integument. Some species of Stylogaster are mutualistic with army ants. The most important economic and ecological impact caused by Conopidae is probably its harmful effect on pollinating populations of Hymenoptera, especially bumblebees. Conopidae therefore significantly regulates highly infected insect populations and provides substantial selective forces, reducing the colonies' ability to produce sex in late summer. This review aims to verify the biological characteristics of the Conopidae Family. In order to achieve the main objective, a qualitative method was used based on research and analysis of theoretical books, theses banks, university dissertations, national and international scientific articles, scientific journals, documents and digital platforms. The verification of the mini review of the Conopidae Family was carried out from 1961 to 2022.